Physiology of kidney

Question 1

180 L of fluid processed daily, but only () L of urine is formed
Kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume () times each day
Consume 20–25% of oxygen used by body at rest

{} (produced by glomerular filtration) is basically blood plasma minus ()
Urine is produced from filtrate
Urine
<1% of original filtrate
Contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

Answer 1

1.5
60
Filtrate
proteins

Question 2

Three processes are involved in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition:
() filtration: produces filtrate void ofcells and proteins

Tubular (): selectively returns 99%of substances from filtrate to blood

Tubular (): selectively moves substances from () to filtrate
Substance excreted into urine

Answer 2

Glomerular
reabsorption
secretion,blood

Question 3

(/) is a passive process
() pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane into glomerular capsule
-Water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes are filtered

-() & () cannot pass through (normally)
Proteins remain in blood to maintain () pressure
Whole cells (ex: RBCs) too big to slip through glomerular capillaries filter

Answer 3

Glomerular filtration
Hydrostatic
Proteins,Cells
osmotic

Question 4

GFR = volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys (normal = {_} ml/min)
GFR is directly proportional to:
-(/,/) (NFP)
Primary pressure is (/_pressure
-(/,/) available for filtration
-Filtration (/)
Much more permeable than other capillaries

Answer 4

120–125
Net filtration pressure
glomerular hydrostatic
Total surface area
membrane permeability

Question 5

(-,-)mechanism
Main mechanism for increasing blood pressure
Three pathways to renin release
-Direct stimulation by () nervous system
-Stimulation by activated (/) cells when filtrate NaCl concentration is low
-Reduced stretch of () cells

Answer 5

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
sympathetic
macula densa
juxtaglomerular

Question 6

(): abnormally low urinary output (less than 50 ml/day)
May indicate that () blood pressure is too low to cause ()
Renal failure and anuria can also result from situations in which () stop functioning
Example: acute nephritis, transfusion reactions

Answer 6

Anuria
glomerular
filtration
nephrons