Transport, Storage, and Elimination of Urine

Question 1

(): slender tubes that convey urine from kidneys to bladder
Begin as continuation of renal pelvis
()
Enter base of bladder through posterior wall
As bladder pressure increases, distal ends of ureters close, preventing () of urine

Answer 1

Ureters
Retroperitoneal
backflow

Question 2

Renal (): kidney stones in renal pelvis
Crystallized calcium, magnesium, or (/) salts
Large stones can block ureter, obstructing urine flow, causing excrutiating pain from flank to abdomen
() – stone in kidneys
() – stone lodged in ureters

Answer 2

calculi
uric acid
Nephrolithiasis
Ureterolithiasis

Question 3

Most small stones pass without intervention

Larger stones or those lodged in ureter can be removed endoscopically or surgically

Many kidney calculi can be treated with ()
Procedure that uses acoustic wave energy to break stones so they pass more easily
Risk factors: () and elevated blood () levels
Prevention: adequate hydration

Answer 3

lithotripsy
obesity
calcium

Question 4

Urinary () anatomy
Muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

Retroperitoneal, on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
Males: prostate inferior to bladder neck
Females: anterior to vagina and uterus
Has openings for ureters and urethra

()
Smooth triangular area outlined by openings for ureters and urethra
Infections tend to persist in this region

Answer 4

bladder
Trigone

Question 5

Urine storage capacity
() when empty
() appear
Expands and rises () during filling without significant rise in internal pressure

Moderately full bladder is 5 in. long and can hold ~ 500 ml (1 pint)
Can hold twice that amount if necessary but can burst if overdistended

Answer 5

Collapses
Rugae
superiorly

Question 6

Urethra:
Muscular tube that drains urinary bladder
Sphincters
() urethral sphincter
() (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction
Contracts to open
() urethral sphincter
() (skeletal) muscle surrounding urethra as it passes through pelvic floor
Female urethra only 1-1.5 in. long

Answer 6

Internal,Involuntary
External,Voluntary

Question 7

Male urethra carries semen and urine
About 20 cm (7-8 in)
Three named regions
() urethra (2.5 cm): within prostate
() urethra (2 cm): passes through urogenital diaphragm from prostate to beginning of penis
() urethra (15 cm): passes through penis; opens via (/,/)

Answer 7

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy
external urethral orifice

Question 8

(/) infections can be caused by:
Improper toilet habits, such as wiping () to () after defecation
Short urethra of females can allow fecal bacteria to easily enter urethra

Most () occur in sexually active women
40% of women get urinary tract infections
Intercourse drives bacteria from vagina and external genital region toward bladder

Answer 8

Urinary tract
back,front
UTIs

Question 9

(): inflammation of urethra

Answer 9

Urethritis

Question 10

(): bladder infection

Answer 10

Cystitis

Question 11

(): kidney infection
Symptoms: dysuria (painful urination), urinary urgency and frequency, fever, and sometimes cloudy or blood-tinged urine
Back pain when kidneys are involved
Treatment: antibiotics can cure most urinary tract infections

Answer 11

Pyelonephritis

Question 12

(), also called () or voiding
Three simultaneous events must occur
1.Contraction of () muscle by ANS
2.Opening of () urethral sphincter by ()
3.Opening of () urethral sphincter by () nervous system
() (pons) control centers mature between ages 2 and3

Answer 12

Micturition
urination
detrusor
internal,ANS
external,somatic
Pontine

Question 13

() incontinence: in adults, usually caused by weakened pelvic muscles
() incontinence
Increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through external sphincter
Laughing, coughing, or sneezing can cause incontinence

() incontinence
Urine dribbles when bladder overfills

Answer 13

Urinary
Stress
Overflow

Question 14

Urinary ()
Bladder is unable to expel urine

Causes:
Common after general ()
() of prostate
Treatment: (), medications

Answer 14

retention
anesthesia
Hypertrophy
catheterization