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Fundamentals of Nursing > Urine > Flashcards

Urine Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A
  • Filter blood to pull out waste products
  • Produce urine
  • Help to manage BP
  • Regulate fluids
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2
Q

How many mL an hour do the kidneys produce?

A

30-60mL/hr

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3
Q

How much urine does the average adult produce a day?

A

1000-2000mL/day

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4
Q

Nephrons

A

Basic filter unit of the kidneys

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5
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network that filters the blood in the kidneys

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6
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

How much blood the nephrons filter every minute

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7
Q

How much blood do nephrons filter a minute?

A

125mL/min

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8
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristalsis

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9
Q

Bladder

A

Storage container for urine (max cap. 1000mL)

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10
Q

How do you know when you need to urinate?

A

As your bladder fills, nerves in the bladder wall send a message to the brain that it is time to void

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11
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine to the outside of the body

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12
Q

Why are females more likely to get UTIs?

A

They have a shorter urethra than men. Men: 7-8inch, women 1-1.5 inches

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13
Q

How does your bladder work when urinating?

A

Detruser muscles in your bladder contract while urinating and your pelvic floor muscles relax

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14
Q

Food and Fluid Intake Influencing Urine

A
  • Some foods cause an odor (Asparagus)
  • Citrus/Spicy foods can be irritating to the bladder
  • Tea, caffeine, alcohol can have a diuretic affect
  • Green leafy veggies cause alkaline urine
  • Adequate water intake can dilute urine
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15
Q

How do psychological variables influence urine?

A
  • Anxiety/stress can increase frequency
  • Shy bladder
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16
Q

Activity and muscle tone influencing urine

A
  • Elderly have poor muscle tone = weak bladder
  • Kegal exercises can strengthen bladder muscles
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17
Q

Pathologic conditions influencing urine

A
  • Hypertension
  • Kidney disease
  • Obesity puts pressure on your bladder
  • Diabetes
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18
Q

Medications influencing urine

A
  • Diuretics - increased output
  • Antibiotics/anticoagulants can change the color
  • Nephrotoxic meds are toxic to the kidneys so monitor kidney function in patients
  • Aspirin/Ibuprofen abuse
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19
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine, <50mL/hr

20
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficulty or painful urinating

21
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in urine

22
Q

Nocturia

A

Frequently waking up in the night to urinate

23
Q

Oliguria

A

Small amounts of urine, <400mL in 24 hrs

24
Q

Polyuria

A

Excess amounts of urine

25
Q

Proteninuria

A

Protein in the urine -> kidney disease

26
Q

Pyuria

A

Puss in urine

27
Q

Nursing Assessment for Genitourinary System

A

-Past medical/family history
- Current meds
- Elimination patterns to establish baseline
- Changes/problems (hematuria, nocturia, etc)
- Aids: Commode, urinal, running water, etc
- Inspection: Fluid overload, signs of inflammation, skin taut, edema, abdomen distention, peri area hygiene, incontinence
- Palpation: Have patient empty bladder first, listen first then palpate; bladder should not be palpable when empty

28
Q

What does a bladder scan do?

A

You can see how much urine is in the bladder

29
Q

Post Void Residual

A

Amount of urine left in the bladder after urinating

30
Q

PVR for adult and elderly

A

Adult: <50-75mL
Elderly: <100mL

31
Q

Clean Catch Urine Specimen

A
  1. Have patient wipe with alcohol first
  2. Patient starts to urinate
  3. Collect urine in cup
  4. Take cup away
  5. Finish urinating
32
Q

Urinalysis

A

Analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic components of urine

33
Q

24 Hour Urine Test

A
  • Used to look at the amount of calcium, uric acid, and electrolytes in the urine
  • Have patient empty bladder before the time starts
  • Keep on ice/cold
34
Q

Normal pH of urine

A

4.6-6.8

35
Q

How do you test the pH and specific gravity of urine?

A

Dipstick test

36
Q

Normal range for specific gravity

A

1.005-1.035

37
Q

Specific Gravity

A

Concentration of all chemical particles in urine

38
Q

BUN

A

The amount of urea nitrogen in the blood

39
Q

Normal range for BUN

A

10-20mL/dL

40
Q

Creatinine

A

The waste left over from muscle energy processes

41
Q

Normal range for creatinine

A

.5-12mg/dL

42
Q

Turbidity

A

Clarify of urine

43
Q

Constituents

A

Things in urine that may affect the turbidity; puss, blood, sediment

44
Q

Elimination habits common in the elderly

A
  • Nocturia
  • Increased frequency
  • Urine retention (UTIs)
  • Decreased control (cognition, mobility)
45
Q

Interventions for the elderly

A
  • Incontinent devices
  • Easy assess to bathroom: clear pathway
  • No restrictive clothing (belts, buttons)
  • Cut off fluids one or two hour before bed
  • Assistive devices: Walker/cane, risers on toilet, safety bars on the wall

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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