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Fundamentals of Nursing > Urine > Flashcards

Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A
  • Filter blood to pull out waste products
  • Produce urine
  • Help to manage BP
  • Regulate fluids
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2
Q

How many mL an hour do the kidneys produce?

A

30-60mL/hr

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3
Q

How much urine does the average adult produce a day?

A

1000-2000mL/day

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4
Q

Nephrons

A

Basic filter unit of the kidneys

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5
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network that filters the blood in the kidneys

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6
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

How much blood the nephrons filter every minute

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7
Q

How much blood do nephrons filter a minute?

A

125mL/min

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8
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristalsis

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9
Q

Bladder

A

Storage container for urine (max cap. 1000mL)

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10
Q

How do you know when you need to urinate?

A

As your bladder fills, nerves in the bladder wall send a message to the brain that it is time to void

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11
Q

Urethra

A

Transports urine to the outside of the body

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12
Q

Why are females more likely to get UTIs?

A

They have a shorter urethra than men. Men: 7-8inch, women 1-1.5 inches

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13
Q

How does your bladder work when urinating?

A

Detruser muscles in your bladder contract while urinating and your pelvic floor muscles relax

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14
Q

Food and Fluid Intake Influencing Urine

A
  • Some foods cause an odor (Asparagus)
  • Citrus/Spicy foods can be irritating to the bladder
  • Tea, caffeine, alcohol can have a diuretic affect
  • Green leafy veggies cause alkaline urine
  • Adequate water intake can dilute urine
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15
Q

How do psychological variables influence urine?

A
  • Anxiety/stress can increase frequency
  • Shy bladder
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16
Q

Activity and muscle tone influencing urine

A
  • Elderly have poor muscle tone = weak bladder
  • Kegal exercises can strengthen bladder muscles
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17
Q

Pathologic conditions influencing urine

A
  • Hypertension
  • Kidney disease
  • Obesity puts pressure on your bladder
  • Diabetes
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18
Q

Medications influencing urine

A
  • Diuretics - increased output
  • Antibiotics/anticoagulants can change the color
  • Nephrotoxic meds are toxic to the kidneys so monitor kidney function in patients
  • Aspirin/Ibuprofen abuse
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19
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine, <50mL/hr

20
Q

Dysuria

A

Difficulty or painful urinating

21
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in urine

22
Q

Nocturia

A

Frequently waking up in the night to urinate

23
Q

Oliguria

A

Small amounts of urine, <400mL in 24 hrs

24
Q

Polyuria

A

Excess amounts of urine

25
Proteninuria
Protein in the urine -> kidney disease
26
Pyuria
Puss in urine
27
Nursing Assessment for Genitourinary System
-Past medical/family history - Current meds - Elimination patterns to establish baseline - Changes/problems (hematuria, nocturia, etc) - Aids: Commode, urinal, running water, etc - Inspection: Fluid overload, signs of inflammation, skin taut, edema, abdomen distention, peri area hygiene, incontinence - Palpation: Have patient empty bladder first, listen first then palpate; bladder should not be palpable when empty
28
What does a bladder scan do?
You can see how much urine is in the bladder
29
Post Void Residual
Amount of urine left in the bladder after urinating
30
PVR for adult and elderly
Adult: <50-75mL Elderly: <100mL
31
Clean Catch Urine Specimen
1. Have patient wipe with alcohol first 2. Patient starts to urinate 3. Collect urine in cup 4. Take cup away 5. Finish urinating
32
Urinalysis
Analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic components of urine
33
24 Hour Urine Test
- Used to look at the amount of calcium, uric acid, and electrolytes in the urine - Have patient empty bladder before the time starts - Keep on ice/cold
34
Normal pH of urine
4.6-6.8
35
How do you test the pH and specific gravity of urine?
Dipstick test
36
Normal range for specific gravity
1.005-1.035
37
Specific Gravity
Concentration of all chemical particles in urine
38
BUN
The amount of urea nitrogen in the blood
39
Normal range for BUN
10-20mL/dL
40
Creatinine
The waste left over from muscle energy processes
41
Normal range for creatinine
.5-12mg/dL
42
Turbidity
Clarify of urine
43
Constituents
Things in urine that may affect the turbidity; puss, blood, sediment
44
Elimination habits common in the elderly
- Nocturia - Increased frequency - Urine retention (UTIs) - Decreased control (cognition, mobility)
45
Interventions for the elderly
- Incontinent devices - Easy assess to bathroom: clear pathway - No restrictive clothing (belts, buttons) - Cut off fluids one or two hour before bed - Assistive devices: Walker/cane, risers on toilet, safety bars on the wall

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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