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Fundamentals of Nursing > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Plasma

A

Transports nutrients, hormones, & proteins

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2
Q

Plasma

A

Yellow watery liquid that makes up about 55% of the body’s blood volume

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3
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets - form clots to stop bleeding

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4
Q

Platelets make up….

A

Less than 1% of blood

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5
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells - Carry fresh oxygen through the body and remove carbon dioxide

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells - Part of body’s immune system; detect and fight viruses & bacteria

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7
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • Deficiency in RBCs
  • Deficiency in HGE (hemoglobin)
    AND/OR
  • Deficiency in volume of packed RBCs (Hematocrit)
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8
Q

Normocytic, normochromic RBCs

A

Normal size & color

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9
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs

A

Small in size & little color

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10
Q

Macrocytic/megaloblastic, normochromic

A

Large in size & normal color

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11
Q

How is anemia diagnosed?

A

CBC panel, blood smear, & reticulocyte count

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12
Q

Is anemia a primary or secondary problem?

A

It can be primary or a secondary consequence of a disease or disorder

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13
Q

Etiology of anemia

A
  • Blood loss
  • Decrease in RBC production
  • Increase in RBC destruction
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14
Q

Tissue Hypoxia

A

An absence of enough oxygen in the tissues to sustain bodily functions

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15
Q

Why can any RBC disorder lead to tissue hypoxia?

A

RBCs have hemoglobin & that is the O2 carrying protein

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16
Q

Normal Hgb in female & male

A

Female: 12-16

Male: 13.5-17.5

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17
Q

Mild Anemia Hgb

A

10-12

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18
Q

Moderate Anemia Hg

A

6-10

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19
Q

Severe Anemia Hgb

A

<6

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20
Q

General symptoms of anemia

A
  • Headaches
  • Fatigue/weakness
  • Cold hands/feet
  • Yellowish skin, pallor, pruritus (itchy skin)
  • Increased HR, chest pain, murmurs
  • Dizzy/light headed
  • Dyspnea
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21
Q

Symptoms of anemia in the elderly

A
  • Confusion, ataxia (impaired coordination), & fatigue
22
Q

Cobalamin

A

Vitamin B12

23
Q

Cobalamin Deficiency

A

Megaloblastic anemia; the body can’t make enough healthy RBCs b/c it doesn’t have enough Vitamin B12

24
Q

Cobalamin Deficiency occurs in patients who…

A
  • Have gastric issues or surgeries - especially those involving the ileum
  • Smokers
  • Excess alcohol consumption
  • Strict vegetarians
25
Q

Why do people with GI issues have a problem with Cobalamin Deficiency?

A

They are unable to absorb cobalamin properly

26
Q

Why are vegetarians more likely to have a Cobalamin Deficiency?

A

Because of the lack of meat and vitamin B12 rich foods. Vitamin B12 isn’t as easy to absorb from vegetables as it is from meat

27
Q

Primary body systems affected by Cobalamin deficiency

A

GI & neuromuscular

28
Q

GI symptoms of Cobalamin deficiency

A
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
29
Q

Neuromuscular symptoms of Cobalamin deficiency

A
  • Weakness/muscle weakness
  • Ataxia (impaired coordination)
  • Paresthesia (pins/needles feeling)
  • Reduced position sense
  • Impaired thought process
30
Q

Treatments for Cobalamin Deficiency

A

Parenteral vitamin B12, or intranasal Nascobal

31
Q

Life expectancy of untreated Cobalamin Deficiency

A

1-3 yrs

32
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Rare condition that happens when your bone marrow cannot produce enough new blood cells for your body to work

33
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Condition in which there are a lower than normal number of RBCs, WBCs, & platelets in the blood

34
Q

Etiology & onset

A
  • Can be born with it
  • Autoimmune diseases - T cells target and destroy hematopoietic stem cells
  • Abrupt or gradual onset
35
Q

Diagnostic Tests

A
  • CBC
  • Bone marrow biopsy to confirm findings from CBC
36
Q

Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia

A
  • General symptoms of anemia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Increase susceptibility to infection (Low WBCs)
  • Septic shock
  • Death
37
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelets lead to increased risk of bleeding

38
Q

Treatment for Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (as long as the patient is younger & and has few blood transfusions)
  • Immunosuppressive therapy
  • Ongoing supportive blood transfusions
  • If severe, the prognosis is poor
39
Q

Why can a patient that has had many blood transfusions not have a hematopoietic stem cell transplant?

A

The more blood transfusions you have the more risk of your body rejecting the new blood

40
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

RBCs are destroyed faster than they are replaced

41
Q

Intrinsic factors causing Hemolytic Anemia

A

Result from defects in RBCs themselves or hereditary

42
Q

Extrinsic factors causing Hemolytic Anemia

A

RBCs are normal but external factors cause damage
- Dialysis or bypass machines
- Parasites: Malaria
- Autoimmune diseases: Lupus
- Blood transfusion reactions

43
Q

Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia

A
  • General symptoms of anemia
  • Jaundice
  • Splenomegaly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Altered renal function
44
Q

Why do people have altered renal function with Hemolytic Anemia?

A

Their kidneys are working overtime to get rid of the waste in the blood so tubules get clogged

45
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of spleen

46
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Enlargement of the liver

47
Q

Treatment for Hemolytic Anemia

A

-Supportive care - remove the causative agent
- Possible immunosuppressive agents

48
Q

Nursing Management/Interventions for anemia

A
  • Correcting the underlying cause is main goal
  • Acute Inverventions
  • Symptom management
  • Education on dietary & lifestyle changes (decrease alcohol, smoking cessation)
49
Q

Acute interventions for anemia

A
  • Blood transfusions
  • Drug therapy
  • O2 therapy (for hypoxia)
  • Aggressive hydration/electrolyte replacement (for kidney injury in hemolytic anemia)
50
Q

What kind of diet is best for Cobalamin deficiency?

A

Meat, salmon, dairy, eggs, enriched grains

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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