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Fundamentals of Nursing > Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathophysiology of a UTI

A

Bacteria introduced via the ascending route into the urinary tract from the urethra

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2
Q

What is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs?

A

E coli

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3
Q

Manifestations of UTIs

A
  • Dysuria
  • Frequency (voiding more than every two hours)
  • Urgency
  • Suprapubic discomfort/pressure
  • Hematuria
  • Sediment in the urine
  • Cloudy appearance of urine
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Flank pain
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4
Q

Manifestations in the Elderly

A
  • General abdominal discomfort
  • Impaired cognition/confusion
  • No fever
  • Overall clinical deterioration
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5
Q

Risk Factors for UTIs

A
  • Women (until after 50)
  • Catheters
  • Obesity/diabetes
  • Kidney disease/stones
  • Aging
  • Pregnancy
  • Sexual activity
  • Poor hygiene habits
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6
Q

Assessments for UTI

A
  • Past health/family history
  • Current meds
  • Symptoms
  • Elimination patterns
  • Hygiene practices
  • Sexual activity
  • Urine characteristics (color, clarity, odor, pH)
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7
Q

Labs & Diagnostic Tests

A
  • Urinalysis/urine culture
  • Imaging studies
  • BUN/creatinine/GFR levels
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8
Q

Urinalysis (UA)

A

Analysis of urine by physical, chemical, and microscopic means to test for presence of disease

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9
Q

Why would you use imaging studies if someone has a UTI?

A

To look for abnormalities in your urinary tract; such as, inflammation, kidney stones, obstructions, etc.

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10
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood urea nitrogen - reveals how well your kidneys are working

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11
Q

What is the normal range for BUN?

A

10-20mL/dL

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12
Q

Creatinine

A

Chemical compound left over from energy-producing processes in your muscles

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13
Q

What is the normal range for creatinine?

A

.5-12mg/dL

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14
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

How much blood the nephrons filter every minute

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15
Q

What is a normal finding for a GFR level?

A

> 60

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16
Q

Nursing Interventions

A
  • Regular catheter/peri care
  • Answer call lights quickly
  • Offer toilet/bedpan often
  • Ensure adequate fluid intake
  • Drug therapy
  • Apply heat to suprapubic area
  • Warm bath or shower
17
Q

Medications

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Analgesics
  • Antipyretics
18
Q

Potential Complications

A
  • Recurrent UTIs
  • Kidney damage
  • Urosepsis
19
Q

Causes of Recurrent UTIs

A
  • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics
  • Patient uncompliant with antibiotics
  • Multiple risk factors
20
Q

Urosepsis

A

Bacteria getting into the bloodstream; life threatening

21
Q

Signs of Urosepsis

A
  • Elevated HR/RR
  • Decreased BP
  • Other organs shutting down
22
Q

Patient Education

A
  • Take antibiotics as prescribed for the entire course
  • Side effects of medication
  • Empty bladder before and after sex
  • Don’t hold in urine, void regularly
  • Drink 8-9, 8oz glasses of water a day
  • Avoid harsh soaps, bubble bath, & sprays in the urethral area
  • Report signs of recurrent UTI
  • Vitamin C/cranberry juice to help bacteria not stick to bladder walls as easily
23
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the bladder

24
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

25
Q

Prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate

26
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • Inflammation of the kidneys due to bacterial infection; serious condition
27
Q

Nursing Interventions for the Elderly

A

-Incontinent devices - Purewick/catheter
- Provide easy assess to a bathroom
- No restrictive clothing (belt, buttons, etc)
- Offer a urinal/assist to the bathroom frequently
- Cut off fluids about an hour or two before bed
- Assistive devices: walker, cane, risers on the toilet, bars on the walls

28
Q

Cystitis, prostatitis, and urethritis are all examples of…

A

Lower UTIs

29
Q

Pyelonephritis is an example of…

A

Upper UTI

30
Q

Interstitial Cystitis

A

Chronic inflammatory painful bladder syndrome

31
Q

Facts about Interstitial Cystitis

A
  • It is not caused by bacteria so it is not an infection
  • More common in women
  • Commonly misdiagnosed as chronic UTIs
32
Q

Symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis

A
  • Minic UTI symptoms
  • Dysuria - much more painful than UTI
  • Hematuria
  • Frequency (50-60/day or more)
  • Painful urination worse after sex
  • Voiding gives relief of pain
33
Q

Treatments for Interstitial Cystitis

A
  • Nutritional & drug therapies
  • Stress management
  • Tricyclic antidepressants - Relax smooth muscle in the bladder
  • Physical therapy (pelvic floor/kegals)
  • Botox - Block nerves for irritation & pain
  • Surgery - In extreme cases, remove lesions or bladder
34
Q

What is NOT used to treat Interstitial Cystitis?

A

Antibiotics

Fundamentals of Nursing (9 decks)

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