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Anatomy and Physiology > Urine > Flashcards

Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the urinary system

A

kidney
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

NO ACESSORY ORGANS

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2
Q

Kidney; components of the urinary system

A

Paired organs

2 kidneys

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3
Q

Ureters; components of the urinary system

A
  • Each kidney has a ureter
  • Filtered fluid travels through the ureter

*Brings fluid from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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4
Q

Urinary bladder: components of the urinary system

A

Storage tank for urine

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5
Q

Urethra; components of the urinary system

A
  • Tube that carries fluid to outside the body
  • The male urethra carries both reproductive fluid and urine
  • The female urethra only carries urine
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6
Q

Functions of the urinary system (8 things)

A
  1. fluid filtration
  2. regulates blood volume
  3. maintains salt/water balance
  4. maintains acid/base balance
  5. gluconeogenesis
  6. renin production
  7. erythropoietin production
  8. activates vitamin D
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7
Q

Fluid filtration; Functions of the urinary system

what filter what?

A

The kidneys filter plasma

-Plasma is the fluid/liquid portion of the blood

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8
Q

Regulates blood volume; Functions of the urinary system

A

By increasing the amount of fluid filtered in the kidneys, the amount of fluid in circulation decreases

-Increasing the amount of fluid in the urinary system will decrease blood volume

This also changes blood pressure because changing blood volume causes a change in blood pressure

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9
Q

Maintains salt/water balance; Functions of the urinary system

A

affects the tonicity of the body

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10
Q

Maintains acid/base balance; Functions of the urinary system

A

plays a role in regulating pH

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11
Q

Gluconeogenesis; Functions of the urinary system

A
  • Occurs predominantly in the liver

- Also occurs in the kidneys

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12
Q

Renin production; Functions of the urinary system

A

leads to the production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Erythropoietin production; Functions of the urinary system

A

this is the hormone responsible for the production of red blood cells

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14
Q

Activates VITAMIN D: Functions of the urinary system

A

GET THAT DDDDD

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15
Q

Structure of the kidney (10 items)

A 
Capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Pelvis
Renal Pyramids
Renal Columns
Major calyces
Minor calyces
Hilum
Renal Sinus
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16
Q

Capsule; struc of kidney

A

Outermost portion of the kidney

External covering of the kidney

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17
Q

Cortex; structure of kidney

A

Superficial/outer region of the kidney

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18
Q

Medulla; structure of kidney

A

Deep/inner region of the kidney

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19
Q

Renal pelvis; structure of kidney

A

Flat part of the kidney prior to the ureter

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20
Q

Renal pyramids; structure of kidney

A
  • Triangle shaped structures

- Stripes in the pyramids are collecting ducts

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21
Q

Renal Columns; structure of kidney

A
  • Rectangular/columnar structures in between pyramids

- Inward extension of the cortex into the medulla

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22
Q

Major calyces; structure of kidney

A
  • Where the minor calyces empty into

- Where the minor calyces merge

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23
Q

Minor calyces; structure of kidney

A
  • Where collecting ducts end

- Where renal pyramids empty into

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24
Q

Hilum; structure of the kidney

A

indentation of the kidney

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25
Q

Renal sinus; structure of kidney

A

Located within the renal pelvis

Where all major calyces dump into prior to fluid going into ureter

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26
Q

SUPPORTIVE layers of the kidney

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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27
Q

Renal capsule; SUPPORTING LAYER OF KIDNEY

A

Outermost layer of the kidney

Defines the border/edge of the kidney itself

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28
Q

Adipose capsule; SUPPORTING LAYERS IN KIDNEY

A

Kidneys are enveloped by adipose tissue:

  • Functions in cushioning/protection
  • Functions in insulation
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29
Q

Renal Fascia; SUPPORTING LAYERS IN KIDNEY

A

HOLDS the kidneys to the abdominal wall

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30
Q

Nephron

A

The nephron is the functional structure of the kidney

Each kidney has more than 1 million nephrons

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31
Q

Glomerulus (differentiate nephrons)

A

Capillary bed of the kidney
-Specialized capillary bed

Unique in that it is between two arterioles instead of an arteriole and a venule
-Because of this, blood pressure here is higher than any other capillary bed

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32
Q

Parts of Renal tubule (surrounding of the capillary bed)

A

1Glomerular/ Bowman’s Capsule

  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
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33
Q

Glomerular/Bowman’s Capsule;

Parts of Renal tubule (surrounding of the capillary bed)

A

The capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

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34
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule;

Parts of Renal tubule (surrounding of the capillary bed)

A

Part of the tube closest to the glomerular capsule

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35
Q

Loop of HENLE;

Parts of Renal tubule (surrounding of the capillary bed)

A

Part of the tube that descends/ascends towards/from the medulla

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36
Q

Distal convoluted tubule;

Parts of Renal tubule (surrounding of the capillary bed)

A

connected to the loop of henle

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37
Q

Collecting ducts (differentiate nephrons)
WHAT DO THEY MAKE?
CONNECT TO WHAT?

A

Make up the renal pyramid

Connects to the distal convoluted tubule

38
Q

Renal corpuscle;

A

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

  • Fluid goes from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule and into the renal tubule
  • A collecting duct can connect to several renal tubules
39
Q

Cortical nephron

A

When most of the nephron is in the cortex of the kidney

85% of the nephrons in our body are cortical nephrons

40
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

When the loop of Henle goes deep into the medulla

15% of the nephrons in our bodies are juxtamedullary nephrons

41
Q

What does each nephron produce?

What do juxtamedullary nephrons produce?

A
  • urine with a different concentration
  • Juxtamedullary nephrons produce a more concentrated urine

When getting dehydrated, you use more juxtamedullary nephrons to conserve water and concentrate the urine being excreted

42
Q

Nephron Vasculature; structures

A 
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
43
Q

Afferent arteriole;

Nephron Vasculature structures

A

Vessel that delivers blood to the glomerulus

44
Q

EFFERENT arteriole;

Nephron Vasculature structures

A

Vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus

45
Q

Glomerulus;

Nephron Vasculature structures

A

Capillary bed between the afferent and efferent arterioles

46
Q

Peritubular capillaries;

Nephron Vasculature structures

A
  • Kidneys also have a true capillary bed
  • Efferent arteriole feeds into the peritubular capillaries
  • Surround renal tubule
47
Q

Vasa recta;

Nephron Vasculature structures

A

Same as peritubular capillaries, but these are located on the juxtamedullary nephron

48
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Modification where the distal convoluted tubule runs against the afferent arteriole

The walls of both the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent arteriole are modified

49
Q

What cells make up the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A 
macula densa cells
Juxtaglomerular cells (JG CELLS)
50
Q

MACULA densa cells; cells that make up Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Modified cells in the walls of the distal convoluted tubule
-Function as chemoreceptors

Detect differing concentration of solutes from filtrate

Activation of these cells can affect the diameter of blood vessels

Activation of these cells can activate JG cells

51
Q

Juxtaglomerular CELLS/JG CELLS;

cells that make up Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Modified smooth muscle cells located in the afferent arteriole
Secrete renin

52
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found ?

A

in both cortical/juxtamedullary nephrons

53
Q

Filtration membrane components

A

fenestrated endothelium
podocytes
basement membrane

54
Q

Fenestrated endothelium;

Filtration membrane components

A

Allows everything (plasma, solutes, proteins) to pass through the capillary bed except blood cells

55
Q

Podocytes;

Filtration membrane components

A

Cells around the basement membrane

Have extensions called pedicels

Pedicels are impermeable

Podocytes reduce the area that filtration can occur

Create filtration slits
-Only place things can leave from is where podocytes and their extensions are not present

56
Q

Basement membranes;

Filtration membrane components

A

Wraps the capillaries

Functions in limiting the size of what can pass out of the cells

Holds electrical charges

  • If the solute has the same charge, it cannot pass through the basement membrane
  • Repels proteins from leaving circulation

Besides the charge, it is a nonselective process

57
Q

Describe the process of urine formation. Include the role of pressure in controlling the rate of filtration. Compare the events that occur at different portions of the nephron.

A

Plasma and filtrate are essentially the same in composition, but filtrate lacks common blood proteins
-Filtrate will have water, nutrients (glucose and amino acids), ions (sodium and chloride), wastes (urea, uric acid)

58
Q

Glomerular filtration; process of urine formation

A

The filtering movement of plasma from the bloodstream into the kidney tubule

Passive, nonselective process
-Only selectivity comes from the filtration membrane

Filtrate is formed from the plasma

59
Q

Tubular reabsorption;

process of urine formation

A

Removal of materials from the filtrate back into circulation
-Movement of materials from the kidney tubules back into the blood capillaries

Can be an active or passive process depending on the concentration gradient

Humans reabsorb all glucose and amino acids from the filtrate

Reabsorb most of the water and most of the ions
-Reabsorption of these two classes is greatly affected by hormones

Can occur in the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule
-Can occasionally occur in the collecting duct

60
Q

Tubular Secretion;

process of urine formation

A

Moves of material from the capillaries into the renal tubule
-Gives a second chance to remove things from the bloodstream to excrete out of the body

Mostly occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

Mostly occurs in the cortex of the kidney

61
Q

Types of filtration pressures;

process of urine formation

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space

Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

62
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

filtration process of urine formation

A

Pressure of blood inside the glomerulus

Responsible for movement of plasma out of the blood vessels to become filtrate

63
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space

filtration process of urine formation

A

Pressure that draws fluid out into Bowman’s capsule due to the presence of proteins

Typically zero because proteins can’t get past the filtration membrane

64
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

filtration process of urine formation

A

Pressure that draws fluid into the glomerulus from Bowman’s capsule due to the presence of proteins in the vessel

65
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

filtration process of urine formation

A

Fluid pressure inside the capsule

Works in opposition to glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Under normal circumstances, this pressure is lower than glomerular hydrostatic pressure
-This keeps a net flow of fluid out of the glomerulus into the capsule/tubule

66
Q

Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

AFFERENT: CONSTRICTION

A

Renal Blood Flow DECREASES

Glomerular Filtration Rate DECREASES

67
Q

Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

AFFERENT: DILATION

A

Renal blood flow INCREASES

Glomerular Filtration INCREASES

68
Q

Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

EFFERENT CONSTRICTION

A

Renal blood flow DECREASES

Glomerular filtration rate INCREASES

69
Q

Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate

EFFERENT DILATION

A

Renal Blood Flow INCREASES

Glomerular filtration Rate DECREASES

70
Q

Identify factors that can affect renal filtration, and discuss the effects of each.

A

The kidneys prefer to keep the amount of filtrate produced relatively constant
-The following examples display what the kidneys would do if blood pressure was low and the kidneys needed to increase filtration rate in response to this stimulus

71
Q

Intrinsic filtration regulation mechanisms (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

Tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation

72
Q

Myogenic mechanism of autoregulation;

Intrinsic filtration regulation mechanisms (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

When there is low blood pressure, the afferent arteriole will dilate to allow more plasma to be filtered in the glomerulus

Increases filtration of glomerulus

73
Q

Tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation;

Intrinsic filtration regulation mechanisms (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Look at the concentration of filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule

If the concentration of filtrate is low in the distal convoluted tubule, you get a dilute urine

Macula densa cells detect the low concentration of the filtrate
Causes vasodilation of the afferent arteriole

Filtration increases

74
Q

Extrinsic Filtration Regulation controls (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Neural control (low bp)

Hormonal control over filtration

75
Q 
Neural control (low blood pressure);
Extrinsic Filtration Regulation controls (factors that can affect renal filtration)
A

Sympathetic nervous impulses cause the release of norepinephrine

Norepinephrine causes systemic vasoconstriction
-Systemic vasoconstriction causes an increase in blood pressure

The resulting increase in blood pressure will increase filtration

If we need to change the distribution of blood to the skeletal muscles during a fight or flight scenario, sympathetic nervous impulses constrict blood flow to the kidney and redirect blood flow to the skeletal muscles

76
Q

Hormonal control over filtration;

Extrinsic Filtration Regulation controls (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

JG cells in the modified walls of the afferent arteriole function as baroreceptors (detect blood pressure)

When JG cells detect a low blood pressure, the JG cells release renin

  • Renin combines with angiotensinogen to make angiotensin II
  • -Causes the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Aldosterone causes an increase in sodium reabsorption

  • If more sodium is reabsorbed, osmotic gradient causes water to be reabsorbed
  • Water goes back into the bloodstream
  • Blood volume increases; blood pressure increases

Increase in blood pressure will increase filtration

77
Q

OTHER factors that can affect renal filtration

A

Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Adenosine
Endothelin

78
Q

Prostaglandins; OTHER factors that can affect renal filtration

A

Local signaling molecule

Acts as vasodilators in the kidney

Increases GFR

79
Q

Nitric oxide;OTHER factors that can affect renal filtration

A

Dilates blood vessels

Increases GFR

80
Q

Adenosine; OTHER factors that can affect renal filtration

A

In the kidney, it acts as a vasoconstrictor

-Adenosine acts as a vasodilator in other parts of the body

81
Q

What does endothelin cause?

OTHER factors that can affect renal filtration

A

Causes vasoconstriction

82
Q

Tubular reabsorption (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Primarily a transepithelial process

Luminal barrier of renal tubule - basolateral barrier - interstitial space - bloodstream

Active and passive process

  • Channel proteins allow some things out passively; some things require energy to pass through
  • Water moves based on the osmotic gradient
83
Q

Tubular reabsorption FACTS (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Cells that make up the renal tubule have tight junctions
-These junctions are impermeable

Ions can move across paracellular channels

Most abundant ion in filtrate is sodium
-roughly 99.5% of sodium is reabsorbed

84
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule;

Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Where most reabsorption occurs

100% of glucose, amino acids, and lactate

65% of sodium and water reabsorbed here

85
Q

Descending Loop of Henle;

Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Permeable to water, impermeable to solutes

Water moves passively from the descending loop into the interstitial space
-From the interstitial spaces, it will pass into the peritubular capillaries or the vasa recta

86
Q

Ascending loop of Henle;

Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Permeable to solutes, impermeable to water

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle
-This increase in sodium reabsorption leads to an increase in water reabsorption

87
Q

Distal convoluted tubule;

Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Continued reabsorption based on the body’s needs

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

ADH causes increase water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

88
Q

Collecting duct;

Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

Continued reabsorption based on the body’s needs

Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

ADH causes increase water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

89
Q

Reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are affected by what?;
Actions by region (factors that can affect renal filtration)

A

-ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

The collecting duct is impermeable to water unless ADH is active
ADH opens aquaporins

90
Q

When consuming alcohol or caffeine what is suppressed and what closes?

A

-ADH is suppressed and aquaporins close

Aquaporins are membrane proteins that allow the movement of water.
-When aquaporins are closed, water cannot leave the collecting duct and urine formation increases

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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