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Anatomy and Physiology > Chemical Digestion > Flashcards

Chemical Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Types of carbs

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Oligosaccharides

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2
Q

Monosaccharides (carbs)

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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3
Q

Disaccharides (carbs)

A

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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4
Q

Polysaccharides (carbs)

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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5
Q

Oligosaccharides (carbs)

A

Shorter polysaccharides (6-8 monomers long)

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6
Q

Which carbs are only absorbable?

A

Only monosaccharides (simple sugar)

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7
Q

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates…

A

breaks down large carbohydrates into monosaccharides

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8
Q

Salivary Amylase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

Salivary Gland/Mouth

starch (polysaccharide)

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9
Q

Pancreatic amylase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

Pancreas/Small Intestine

starch

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10
Q

Dextrinase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

Brush Border/Small Intestine

Oligosaccharide

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11
Q

Glucoamylase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

Brush Border/Small Intestine

oligosaccharide

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12
Q

Maltase:

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

brush boarder/small intest

maltose

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13
Q

Sucrase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

brush boarder/ small intest

sucrose

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14
Q

Lactase

  • Location of production/action?
  • substrate
A

brush boarder/ small intestine

lactose

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15
Q

when food reaches the stomach… carb digestion….

A

When your food reaches the stomach, carbohydrate digestion stops because of the low acidity in the stomach.

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16
Q

Carb digestion… resumes…

A

Carbohydrate digestion resumes and finishes in the small intestine

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17
Q

Protein (begins and ends?)

A

Protein digestion begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine

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18
Q

Dietary protein

A

We break all these down

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19
Q

Intrinsic protein

A

Proteins within the body that we can break down to get amino acids

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20
Q

Examples of intrinsic proteins?

A

Channel proteins of cells
Enzymes
Proteins within mucosal cells

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21
Q

Protein digestion enzymes

A 
pepsin
rennin
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase
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22
Q

Pepsin; (protein digest enzyme)

location of production?

A

cheif cells

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23
Q

rennin; (protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
job?

A

babies

  • Breaks down casein in the small intestine
  • As we age, we stop making rennin
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24
Q

Trypsin;(protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
job?

A

Inactive form comes from Pancreas
-Called Trypsinogen

Works on polypeptides in the small intestine
Activated by enterokinase/enteropeptidase in the small intestine

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25
Q

chymoTrypsin;(protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
activated by?

A

Inactive form comes from Pancreas
-Called Chymotrypsinogen

Activated by trypsin

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26
Q

carboxypeptidase;(protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
activated by?

A

Inactive form comes from Pancreas/brush border
-Called Procarboxypeptidase

Cleaves single amino acid off the end of polypeptide
Activated by trypsin

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27
Q

aminopeptidase;(protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
activated by?

A

brush boarder

Cleaves single amino acid off the end of polypeptide

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28
Q

dipeptidase;(protein digest enzyme)
location of production?
splits into?

A

brush boarder

Splits dipeptide into 2 single amino acids

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29
Q

Lipase (lipid digstion)

A
  • Breaks down lipids into free fatty acids and monoglycerides (glycerol and one fatty acid)
  • Produced in the pancreas
  • Produced in small amounts by chief cells in the stomach
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30
Q

Pancreatic nuclease (nucleic acid digest)

A
  • Breaks down large nucleic acids in the small intestine

- Produced in the pancreas

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31
Q

nucleosidase (nucleic acid digest)

A

Products from pancreatic nuclease are the substrates for nucleosidase

Produced in the brush border

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32
Q

Phosphatase (nucleic acid digest)

A

Produced in the brush border

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33
Q

What are nucleic acids broken down into?

A

nucleotides (A,G,C,T,U)

34
Q

Absorptive processes

A

active transport

simple diffusion

35
Q

Active transport; absorptive processes

A
  • Moves non fat-soluble molecules into the villi blood capillaries
  • Uses endocytosis or channel proteins
  • Requires energy
  • Nutrients are delivered to liver for storage or conversion
36
Q

Simple difffusion; absorptive processes

A

Moves fat-soluble molecules into villi lacteals

  • Fat soluble molecules do this
  • Mostly lipids

Aided by micelles

Fat-soluble molecules are delivered into circulation by the lymphatic system

37
Q

Nutrient

A

Any substance that is used by the body to produce energy, promote cell growth, or used for maintenance and repair of the cell

If we do not immediately need the nutrients we take into the body, we can store them for later

38
Q

Examples of nutrients

A
  • Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles to use for energy purposes later
  • Lipids are stored in adipocytes as triglycerides for energy use later
39
Q

Water

A

60% of the volume of food we eat is water

We don’t use the water to produce energy, nor growth/maintenance

  • Water isn’t used as an energy source
  • Water is not used as a building block in cells

We use water to make the things we take in become biologically active

40
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Obtain small amount of carbs from animal sources

Obtain most carbs from plant material, fruits, and vegetables.

41
Q

Lipids

A

Obtain from both plants and animals; mostly animals

Obtain mostly neutral fats
-Triglycerides, and triglycerols

Animal fat is saturated and solid at room temperature

Plant fat is unsaturated and liquid at room temperature

42
Q

Proteins

A

Obtained from both plants and animals
-Mostly obtained from animals in the human diet

Animal proteins are complete (contain the 9 essential amino acids)
-Not every animal protein is a complete protein

Plant proteins do not have all essential amino acids

  • Non-complete protein
  • Mixing different sources of plant proteins can provide all necessary amino acids
43
Q

Vitamins

A

A balanced diet has all the vitamins we need
-Do not need a vitamin supplement when eating properly

Not used to create energy

Vitamins allow us to utilize other nutrients

Vitamins function as coenzymes

44
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

Water soluble vitamins cannot pass through a cell’s plasma membrane to be stored
-Excess water soluble vitamins are excreted in urine

45
Q

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

A

Fat soluble vitamins can pass the plasma membrane and be stored
-Become toxic when stored levels become too high

46
Q

miNERALS

A

Function in growth and repair/maintenance of the cell
-NOT energy production

Some foods have minerals in them; some foods have minerals on their surface

47
Q

eXAMPLES OF MINERALS

A
  • Sulfur helps to make cartilage
  • Calcium is deposited in bones to make them stronger
  • Calcium is used in muscle contraction
  • Phosphorus is important as welL
48
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical processes/reactions that our body undergoes

Our body can convert one type of nutrient to another to match the needs of the body with the intake of food we consume

We can’t make essential nutrients; we have to ingest them
-We can convert from one form of nutrient to another

49
Q

Two categories of metabolism

A

ana- build up of reaction

cata- break down of reactions

50
Q

Anabolism

A

Reactions where large molecules are made from smaller subunits

51
Q

Catabolism

A

Large molecules are broken down into their smaller subunits
-Chemical digestion is a catabolic process

Occurs when there is a need for energy

Example:Breaking down glycogen -> glucose

52
Q

Overview of metabolism

A

Anabolic reactions form lipids, proteins, and glycogen

Catabolic reactions break large molecules down to pyruvic acid or acetyl-CoA

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria

53
Q

Anabolic reactions form lipids, proteins, and glycogen (overview of meatbolsim)

A

Amino acids -> functional/structural proteins
-Ex: Enzymes are functional proteins

Monosaccharides -> glycogen to be stored in tissues

Most anabolic reactions are used to make storage products

54
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria (overview of metabolism)

A

Substrate-level reactions occur in the cytoplasm

Products from substrate-level reactions are broken down in the Kreb’s cycle for ATP

55
Q

Oxidation

A

Take away a hydrogen or add an oxygen

-Product has a lower energy than reactants

56
Q

Reduction

A

Add a hydrogen or take away and oxygen

-Product has a higher energy than the reactants

57
Q

When one molecule is oxidized, another molecule is reduced

A

Redox reactions are coupled

58
Q

Enzymes in redox reactions

A

dehydrogenases

oxidases

59
Q

Dehydrogenases (enzymes in redox reaction)

A

Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions

Pulls off a hydrogen

60
Q

oxidases (enzymes in redox reaction)

A

Catalyzes oxidation reactions

Catalyzes the transfer of oxygen

Adds an oxygen

61
Q

Coenzymes (in redox reaction)

A

NAD; The reduced form is NADH

FADH;The reduced form is FADH2

62
Q

Both coenzymes in redox reaction function in what?

A

as transport molecules

63
Q

NAD and FADH do what?

A

bind to hydrogen and carry it from one place to another

-Act as hydrogen acceptors

64
Q

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Phosphorylation is attaching a phosphate to ADP to make ATP
-Adenosine can bind to a maximum of 3 phosphates

65
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Occurs if oxygen is present after substrate-level phosphorylation

Uses a chemo-osmotic process (gradient)
-The proton gradient is used to catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP

The concentration of protons lives in the form of the hydrogen ion (H+)

66
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glucose enters the cell by facilitated diffusion

Glucose is immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

Glycolysis (catabolic breakdown of glucose) continues and results in the formation of:

If oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs

If oxygen is not present, lactic acid fermentation occurs

67
Q

Glucose enters the cell by facilitated diffusion

carb metabolism

A

Enters the cell via channel protein

No energy required

68
Q
  1. Glucose is immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) (carb metabolism)
A

This is a nonreversible reaction

This causes the concentration of (unphosphorylated) glucose outside the cell will always be higher than that inside the cell
-Maintains gradient so glucose will always move into the cell

69
Q
  1. Glycolysis (catabolic breakdown of glucose) continues and results in the formation of: (carb metabolism)
A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid

2 molecules of NADH

Net gain of 2 ATP molecules (4 made, 2 used = 2 net ATP gained)
-By gaining 2 ATP molecules, you can always start the process of glycolysis again

70
Q

(carb metabolism)

  1. If oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs
  2. If oxygen is not present, lactic acid fermentation occurs —?
A

Lactic acid is a waste product of fermentation, but can also be used as a source of energy is some places in the body

Ex: the heart

71
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria
-CO2 and NADH are also generated

Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle
-The Krebs cycle generates 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP

Reduced Krebs cycle coenzymes enter the electron transport chain (ETC)

Electrons moving throughout the ETC are used to move hydrogen ions across the plasma membrane

Movement of hydrogen across ATP synthase allows for the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP
-ETC generates H2O and 34 ATP

72
Q

In carb metabolism all carbs must be turned into what?

A

All carbohydrates must be turned into glucose before any of this process can occur

73
Q

Excess glucose

A

High ATP levels stop glycolysis
-When ATP is high, glucose is converted to glycogen instead of being phosphorylated to G6P

Glycogenesis occurs
-Glucose is converted into glycogen

Glycogen is stored until energy is needed

74
Q

Low glucose

A

Glycogenolysis occurs

-A drop in blood glucose leads to the conversion of glycogen into glucose

75
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Insufficient glucose availability prompts the conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose
-Lipids (glycerol) are targeted as an energy source before proteins (amino acids)

Occurs in the LIVER

76
Q

LIPID METABOLISM

A
  1. Absorbed lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
    - We absorb neutral fats
  2. Glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
    - Glyceraldehyde phosphate is converted to pyruvic acid in glycolysis
    - Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) enters the Krebs cycle
  3. Fatty acids broken into acetic acid in mitochondria
    - Acetic acid fuses with CoA to form acetyl-CoA
    - Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle
77
Q

In lipid metabolism the body will…

A

utilize carbs as a source of energy before fats are utilized as a source of energy

78
Q

Excess Lipids (Lipid Storage)

A

High ATP and glucose levels trigger conversion of glycerol and fatty acids into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue

79
Q

Low Energy, High Fats

A

Lipolysis occurs when energy is needed and no carbohydrates are present
-Break down of triglycerides (lipids) into glycerol/fatty acids to enter the lipid metabolism system

80
Q

Protein metabolism

A 
-Amino acids deaminated
Amine group leaves the amino acid
Amine group becomes ammonia
Ammonia forms uric acid
Uric acid forms urea
Urea is excreted

-Deaminated molecules are converted into pyruvic acid or Krebs cycle intermediates

81
Q

Excess proteins

A

High ATP levels cause pyruvic acid formed through deamination to be converted back to glucose
-This glucose cannot be converted back to proteins, but can be stored as glycogen

Hormones control protein synthesis on ribosomes
-Steroid hormones turn on protein production

82
Q

Energy gained per molecule order

A

Fats (lipids) > carbohydrates > proteins

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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