Chemical Digestion Flashcards

Question

chymoTrypsin;(protein digest enzyme) location of production? activated by?

Answer 1

Inactive form comes from Pancreas -Called Chymotrypsinogen Activated by trypsin

Answer 2

Inactive form comes from Pancreas/brush border -Called Procarboxypeptidase Cleaves single amino acid off the end of polypeptide Activated by trypsin

Answer 3

brush boarder Cleaves single amino acid off the end of polypeptide

Answer 4

brush boarder Splits dipeptide into 2 single amino acids

Answer 5

- Breaks down lipids into free fatty acids and monoglycerides (glycerol and one fatty acid) - Produced in the pancreas - Produced in small amounts by chief cells in the stomach

Answer 6

- Breaks down large nucleic acids in the small intestine | - Produced in the pancreas

Answer 7

Products from pancreatic nuclease are the substrates for nucleosidase Produced in the brush border

Answer 8

Produced in the brush border

Answer 9

nucleotides (A,G,C,T,U)

Answer 10

active transport simple diffusion

Answer 11

- Moves non fat-soluble molecules into the villi blood capillaries - Uses endocytosis or channel proteins - Requires energy - Nutrients are delivered to liver for storage or conversion

Answer 12

Moves fat-soluble molecules into villi lacteals - Fat soluble molecules do this - Mostly lipids Aided by micelles Fat-soluble molecules are delivered into circulation by the lymphatic system

Answer 13

Any substance that is used by the body to produce energy, promote cell growth, or used for maintenance and repair of the cell If we do not immediately need the nutrients we take into the body, we can store them for later

Answer 14

- Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles to use for energy purposes later - Lipids are stored in adipocytes as triglycerides for energy use later

Answer 15

60% of the volume of food we eat is water We don’t use the water to produce energy, nor growth/maintenance - Water isn’t used as an energy source - Water is not used as a building block in cells We use water to make the things we take in become biologically active

Answer 16

Obtain small amount of carbs from animal sources Obtain most carbs from plant material, fruits, and vegetables.

Answer 17

Obtain from both plants and animals; mostly animals Obtain mostly neutral fats -Triglycerides, and triglycerols Animal fat is saturated and solid at room temperature Plant fat is unsaturated and liquid at room temperature

Answer 18

Obtained from both plants and animals -Mostly obtained from animals in the human diet Animal proteins are complete (contain the 9 essential amino acids) -Not every animal protein is a complete protein Plant proteins do not have all essential amino acids - Non-complete protein - Mixing different sources of plant proteins can provide all necessary amino acids

Answer 19

A balanced diet has all the vitamins we need -Do not need a vitamin supplement when eating properly Not used to create energy Vitamins allow us to utilize other nutrients Vitamins function as coenzymes

Answer 20

Water soluble vitamins cannot pass through a cell’s plasma membrane to be stored -Excess water soluble vitamins are excreted in urine

Answer 21

Fat soluble vitamins can pass the plasma membrane and be stored -Become toxic when stored levels become too high

Answer 22

Function in growth and repair/maintenance of the cell -NOT energy production Some foods have minerals in them; some foods have minerals on their surface

Answer 23

- Sulfur helps to make cartilage - Calcium is deposited in bones to make them stronger - Calcium is used in muscle contraction - Phosphorus is important as welL

Answer 24

Sum of all biochemical processes/reactions that our body undergoes Our body can convert one type of nutrient to another to match the needs of the body with the intake of food we consume We can’t make essential nutrients; we have to ingest them -We can convert from one form of nutrient to another

Answer 25

ana- build up of reaction | cata- break down of reactions

Answer 26

Reactions where large molecules are made from smaller subunits

Answer 27

Large molecules are broken down into their smaller subunits -Chemical digestion is a catabolic process Occurs when there is a need for energy Example:Breaking down glycogen -> glucose

Answer 28

Anabolic reactions form lipids, proteins, and glycogen Catabolic reactions break large molecules down to pyruvic acid or acetyl-CoA Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria

Answer 29

Amino acids -> functional/structural proteins -Ex: Enzymes are functional proteins Monosaccharides -> glycogen to be stored in tissues Most anabolic reactions are used to make storage products

Answer 30

Substrate-level reactions occur in the cytoplasm Products from substrate-level reactions are broken down in the Kreb’s cycle for ATP

Answer 31

Take away a hydrogen or add an oxygen | -Product has a lower energy than reactants

Answer 32

Add a hydrogen or take away and oxygen | -Product has a higher energy than the reactants

Answer 33

Redox reactions are coupled

Answer 34

dehydrogenases | oxidases

Answer 35

Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions Pulls off a hydrogen

Answer 36

Catalyzes oxidation reactions Catalyzes the transfer of oxygen Adds an oxygen

Answer 37

NAD; The reduced form is NADH FADH;The reduced form is FADH2

Answer 38

as transport molecules

Answer 39

bind to hydrogen and carry it from one place to another | -Act as hydrogen acceptors

Answer 40

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Phosphorylation is attaching a phosphate to ADP to make ATP -Adenosine can bind to a maximum of 3 phosphates

Answer 41

Occurs if oxygen is present after substrate-level phosphorylation Uses a chemo-osmotic process (gradient) -The proton gradient is used to catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP The concentration of protons lives in the form of the hydrogen ion (H+)

Answer 42

Glucose enters the cell by facilitated diffusion Glucose is immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) Glycolysis (catabolic breakdown of glucose) continues and results in the formation of: If oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs If oxygen is not present, lactic acid fermentation occurs

Answer 43

Enters the cell via channel protein No energy required

Answer 44

This is a nonreversible reaction This causes the concentration of (unphosphorylated) glucose outside the cell will always be higher than that inside the cell -Maintains gradient so glucose will always move into the cell

Answer 45

2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 molecules of NADH Net gain of 2 ATP molecules (4 made, 2 used = 2 net ATP gained) -By gaining 2 ATP molecules, you can always start the process of glycolysis again

Answer 46

Lactic acid is a waste product of fermentation, but can also be used as a source of energy is some places in the body Ex: the heart

Answer 47

Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria -CO2 and NADH are also generated Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle -The Krebs cycle generates 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP Reduced Krebs cycle coenzymes enter the electron transport chain (ETC) Electrons moving throughout the ETC are used to move hydrogen ions across the plasma membrane Movement of hydrogen across ATP synthase allows for the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP -ETC generates H2O and 34 ATP

Answer 48

All carbohydrates must be turned into glucose before any of this process can occur

Answer 49

High ATP levels stop glycolysis -When ATP is high, glucose is converted to glycogen instead of being phosphorylated to G6P Glycogenesis occurs -Glucose is converted into glycogen Glycogen is stored until energy is needed

Answer 50

Glycogenolysis occurs | -A drop in blood glucose leads to the conversion of glycogen into glucose

Answer 51

formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Insufficient glucose availability prompts the conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose -Lipids (glycerol) are targeted as an energy source before proteins (amino acids) Occurs in the LIVER

Answer 52

1. Absorbed lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids - We absorb neutral fats 2. Glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate - Glyceraldehyde phosphate is converted to pyruvic acid in glycolysis - Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) enters the Krebs cycle 3. Fatty acids broken into acetic acid in mitochondria - Acetic acid fuses with CoA to form acetyl-CoA - Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle

Answer 53

utilize carbs as a source of energy before fats are utilized as a source of energy

Answer 54

High ATP and glucose levels trigger conversion of glycerol and fatty acids into triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue

Answer 55

Lipolysis occurs when energy is needed and no carbohydrates are present -Break down of triglycerides (lipids) into glycerol/fatty acids to enter the lipid metabolism system

Answer 56

``` -Amino acids deaminated Amine group leaves the amino acid Amine group becomes ammonia Ammonia forms uric acid Uric acid forms urea Urea is excreted ``` -Deaminated molecules are converted into pyruvic acid or Krebs cycle intermediates

Answer 57

High ATP levels cause pyruvic acid formed through deamination to be converted back to glucose -This glucose cannot be converted back to proteins, but can be stored as glycogen Hormones control protein synthesis on ribosomes -Steroid hormones turn on protein production

Answer 58

Fats (lipids) > carbohydrates > proteins