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Medicine, Year 2, Block 10 (Kidney Function & Failure) > Urinary Tract Pathology > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Upper Urinary Tract comprise of?

A

Kidney, renal pelvis, ureter

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2
Q

What does the Lower Urinary Tract comprise of?

A

Bladder, prostate, urethra, genitalia

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3
Q

State five functions of the kidneys

A 
Production of urine
Blood pressure regulation
Calcium homeostasis
Water balance
RBC production
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4
Q

State one function of the ureter

A

Conduit for urine

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5
Q

State two functions of bladder

A

Storage of urine

Excretion of urine

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6
Q

State the function of the prostate and seminal vesicles

A

Semen

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7
Q

State the function of the urethra

A

Conduit for urine (and ejaculate)

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8
Q

State the function of the gentalia

A

Spermatogenesis and reproduction

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9
Q

How long is the average female urethra?

A

4 cm

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10
Q

How long is the average male urethra?

A

24 - 26 cm

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11
Q

Give 5 examples of common urinary tract symptoms

A
  • Changes in urine
  • Pain
  • Altered micturition
  • Incontinence
  • Sexual dysfunction
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12
Q

Give three examples of congenital abnormalities affecting the kidneys

A
  • Renal duplication
  • Horse-shoe kidney
  • Absent kidney
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13
Q

In duplex ureters, the Weigert-Meyer rule applies. What is the Weigert-Meyer rule?

A

Of the two ureters from the kidneys, the upper part of the duplex kidney’s ureter will always enter the bladder lower and more medially to the counterpart ureter

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14
Q

In duplex ureters, why is the upper ureter more likely to become nephrotic?

A

The upper ureter opens up into the bladder at an angle at an abnormal place, it allows urine to reflux (vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)) up to the kidney and can become nephrotic, hence this ureter appears more baggy

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15
Q

What is bladder extrophy?

A

Protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the abdominal wall

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16
Q

What is patent urachus?

A

An opening between the bladder and the belly button (navel), which usually closes before birth

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17
Q

What is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)?

A

Urine flows retrograde, or backward, from the bladder into the ureters/kidneys

18
Q

What is hypospadias and epispadias?

A

Hypospadias: opening of urethra on under-side of penis

Epidpasias: opening of urethra on upper-side of penis

19
Q

What is phimoses?

A

The inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the glans of the penis

20
Q

What is cryporchidism?

A

The absence of one or both testes from the scrotum

21
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

BPH refers to the histological changes of stromal-glandular hyperplasia seen within the prostate

22
Q

BPH is a normal phenomenon is all males, but when does it become clinically significant?

A

When this overgrowth of benign tissue is associated bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms

23
Q

BPH regulated by which hormone?

A

By the hormone testosterone and its potent metabolite, DHT, from the testes

24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of BPH

A

Stromal and epithelial cells are sensitive to testosterone via their Androgen receptors, but DHT produced in the stromal cells can also affect the stromal cell it is made in (autocrine effect) as well as adjacent epithelial cells (paracrine effect)

25
Q

Reiter’s syndrome is a triad of..?

A
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Urethritis
  • Arthritis
26
Q

What is the most common pathogen responsible for UTIs?

A

Escherichia coli

27
Q

An ascending UTI is also known as…?

A

Pyelonephritis

28
Q

Pyelonephritis has a clinical triad of..?

A

Renal angle pain & tenderness
Fever >39C
Raised WCC

29
Q

What are the pathogens responsible for Epididymo-orchitis?

A

Gonorrhoea / chylamydia

Escherichia coli

30
Q

Why is referred pain common up to the renal angle in UTIs?

A

Because the pelvic organs are supplied by a plexus of nerves, not one single nerve

31
Q

What is mumps orchitis?

A

Testicular inflammation and atrophy following onset of mumps infection

32
Q

Chemical cystitis in the bladder can be caused by..?

A

Ketamine, BCG, Mitomycin

33
Q

What is Urolithiasis?

A

Formation of stony concretions in the bladder or urinary tract.

34
Q

What are the risk factors for Urolithiasis?

A

Male, dehydration, dietary components, genetics

35
Q

What types of Urolithiasis stones are there?

A
  • Calcium stones (oxalate & phosphate)
  • Uric acid
  • Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
36
Q

Urolithiasis is formed by supersaturation of urine, but how?

A

Nucleation -> Aggregation -> Growth

37
Q

What is the most common kidney cancer subtype?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

38
Q

What are the three types of Bladder / Ureter / Renal pelvic cancers?

A
  • Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) - most common
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
39
Q

What is the most common subtype of Prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

40
Q

What is the most common subtype of Penile cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Medicine, Year 2, Block 10 (Kidney Function & Failure) (11 decks)

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