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Medicine, Year 2, Block 10 (Kidney Function & Failure) > Glomerular Structure and Function > Flashcards

Glomerular Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level do the kidneys lie in?

A

T12 to L3

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2
Q

Which kidney lies lower than the other?

A

Right kidney, because of the liver

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3
Q

The kidneys are approximately what length?

A

The length of three vertebrae

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4
Q

From most deep to superficial, what are the four layers of fascia/fat surrounding the kidneys?

A
  1. Renal capsule (deep)
  2. Perirenal fat
  3. Renal fascia
  4. Pararenal fat (superficial)
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5
Q

The renal parenchyma can be divided into two main structures, what are they?

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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6
Q

The medulla of the kidney is divided into triangular shapes called?

A

Renal pyramids

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7
Q

The apex of the renal pyramid is called?

A

Renal papilla

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8
Q

What structure collects urine from the renal papilla - and what does it drain into finally?

A

Minor calyx, draining into major calices

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9
Q

The kidneys are supplied by what arteries? Where do these arteries arise from?

A

Renal arteries, from abdominal aorta

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10
Q

Describe the pattern of division of the renal arteries as it supplies the renal parenchyma

A

Renal artery -> Segmental artery -> Interlobar artery -> Arcuate artery -> Interlobular artery (90 degrees from arcuate artery) -> Afferent arterioles -> Glomerulus

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11
Q

The kidneys are drained by what veins? What do they then drain in to?

A

Renal veins, draining into inferior vena cava

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12
Q

Why is the left renal vein longer than the right renal vein?

A

Because the inferior vena cava lies to the right hand side

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13
Q

What structures are more anterior (front) - the inferior vena cava or the abdominal aorta - as it enters the kidneys?

A

Inferior vena cava (anterior)

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14
Q

Lymph from the kidneys drain into…?

A

Lateral aortic nodes

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15
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney, and how are they different?

A

Cortical nephrons - short Loops of Henle

Juxtomedullary nephrons - long Loops of Henle

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16
Q

What are the three cellular layers within the Glomerulus?

A

Fenestrated endothelium
Basement membrane
Epithelium with podocytes

17
Q

The Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus is in close contact with the ______ Convoluted Tubule

A

Distal

18
Q

The Juxtaglomerulus Appatarus is comprised of three distinct structures - what are they?

A

Macula Densa
Granular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

19
Q

What is normal GFR in humans?

A

125ml / min

20
Q

Cations less than 68kDa are restricted from passing through the glomerular filtration barrier, true or false?

A

False, anions are

21
Q

How much blood is filtered by the kidneys per min?

A

1.2 litres

22
Q

To increase GFR, how would the afferent / efferent arterioles need to change?

A 
Afferent = dilate
Efferent = constrict
23
Q

Give 4 examples of substances which can increase GFR

A

Prostaglandins
Kinins
Dopamine
NO

24
Q

Give 3 examples of substances which can decrease GFR

A

High dose Angiotensin II
Noradrenaline
ADH

25
Q

Angiotensin II has what effect on the afferent and efferent arterioles of the kidney?

A

In low dose, efferent arteriole constriction

In high dose, afferent arteriole constriction

26
Q

Angiotensin II blockade has what effect on the efferent arteriole?

A

Dilatation

27
Q

What are the two types of mesangial cells?

A

Extraglomerular

Intraglomerular

28
Q

Angiotensinogen is released by what?

A

Liver

29
Q

In response to angiotensinogen release, what happens?

A

Renin is released by the kidneys

30
Q

Angiotensinogen + Renin = ?

A

Angiotensin I

31
Q

Where is ACE released from? What does it do?

A

Kidney and lung endothelia, converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

32
Q

What is the role of Angiotensin II?

A

Stimulates aldosterone release from the kidneys, to increase reabsorption of Na+ and increasing BP

Aldosterone also depletes K+ levels

Angiotensin II also causes vasoconstriction in renal arterioles to increase BP further

33
Q

What are some problems with using Serum creatinine as a measure for GFR?

A
  1. It is actively secreted by the tubules (up to 15%)
  2. Insensitive as a marker for early kidney disease
  3. It is affected by muscle mass
  4. Affected by certain drugs

Medicine, Year 2, Block 10 (Kidney Function & Failure) (11 decks)

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