Incontinence & Urinary Retention Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal capacity of the bladder?

A

400 - 600 mL

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2
Q

The bladder histologically has three layers, what are they?

A
  1. Outer adventitial connective tissue layer
  2. Middle smooth muscle coat (detrusor)
  3. Inner transitional cell epithelium
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3
Q

Pelvic nerve efferent and afferents enter and exit the spinal cord at which level?

A

S2 - S4

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4
Q

Which region of the brain controls micturition

A

Pontine micturition centre

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5
Q

Which muscles in the bladder contract to expel urine?

A

Detrusor

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6
Q

Males void at a pressure of what cm H2O and have what maximum flow rate?

A

40 - 50 cm H2O pressure

30 - 40 ml/s flow rate

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7
Q

What is “BOO”?

A

Bladder outflow obstruction

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8
Q

State two causes of BOO (Bladder Outflow Obstruction)

A

Urethral obstruction, or neurological basis

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9
Q

Outline treatments for BOO / Urinary retention

A
Phytotherapy
Watchful waiting
Alpha adrenergic blockers i.e. Doxazosin
5 alpha reductase inhibitors i.e. Finasteride
Surgery
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10
Q

What is “stress incontinence”?

A

Physical activity such as coughing, sneezing, running, heavy lifting which puts pressure on your bladder

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11
Q

What is “urge incontinence”?

A

An involuntary loss of urine that usually occurs when a person has a strong, sudden need to urinate

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12
Q

State causes of urinary incontinence in men

A

Overactive bladder
Neuropathic bladder
Prostatectomy
Overflow incontinence

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13
Q

State the four types of urinary incontinence in women

A

Stress
Urge
Functional
Overflow

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14
Q

State five risk factors for urinary incontinence in women

A
  • Pregnancy / stillbirth
  • Age / meopause
  • Obesity
  • Constipation
  • Pelvic organ prolapse
  • Chronic cough / smoking
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15
Q

State some treatments for urinary incontinence in women

A

Behaviour therapy i.e. pelvic floor exercises / vaginal weights

Pharmacological agents i.e. alpha-adrenergic agonists / oestrogens / TCAs

Surgery i.e. urethral & bladder neck stabilisation / urethral sphincter augmentation / midurethral slings

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16
Q

State some drugs treatments for BPH

A

Alpha blockers: Alfusozin, Doxazosin

5-Alpha reductase inhibitors: Finasteride