Urinary Tract Obstruction

Question 1

What does voiding mean?

Answer 1

emptying

Question 2

What drains urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Answer 2

ureter

Question 3

What excretes urine?

Answer 3

urethra

Question 4

What is the distal urethra lined by?

Answer 4

protective stratified squamous mucosa

Question 5

From the ureter to upper urethra the “tubes” are lined with what?

Answer 5

with transitional epithelium

Question 6

Is the urinary tract in the retroperitoneum?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What region are the kidneys in?

Answer 7

flank

Question 8

Which ribs protect the kidneys?

Answer 8

11 and 12

Question 9

Which kidney lies at a slightly inferior level and why?

Answer 9

right (due to liver)

Question 10

How many segmental branches arise from each renal artery?

Answer 10

5

Question 11

In kidneys, what give the pyramids their striped appearance?

Answer 11

regularly arranged nephrons (running axially towards the apex of each pyramid)

Question 12

What is responsible for ultrafiltration of the blood arriving via branches of the renal artery?

Answer 12

glomerulus

Question 13

What does the collecting duct pass through?

Answer 13

through the pyramid to drain the modified filtrate into the minor calyx as urine

Question 14

What happens to diameter of urine collecting tubes heading away from the kidney?

Answer 14

increase until pelviureteric junction

Question 15

What are renal calculi?

Answer 15

kidney stones

Question 16

What are renal calculi formed from?

Answer 16

urine calcium salts

Question 17

What are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

Answer 17

pelviureteric junction
ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
ureteric orifice (opening into posterior surface of the bladder)

Question 18

What kind of pain does a patient get with renal calculi?

Answer 18

colicky

Question 19

What kind of muscle does the ureter have in its walls?

Answer 19

smooth

Question 20

What is micturition?

Answer 20

passing of urine

Question 21

Where is the trigone?

Answer 21

on bladder floor

Question 22

Are bladder sphincters voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 22

involuntary

Question 23

What does the internal urethral sphincter do?

Answer 23

internal urethral sphincter prevents ejaculatory reflux and is only present in males

Question 24

Does the trigone rise as the bladder fills?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

Is the external urethral sphincter voluntary or not?

Answer 25

voluntary

Question 26

Why are urinary tract infections (UTIs) being more common in females and females being easier to catheterise?

Answer 26

the female urethra is short, distensible (elastic tissue in its walls) and opens into the vestibule