Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology And Medicine > Urinary tract disorders I > Flashcards

Urinary tract disorders I Flashcards

1
Q

Bladder

A

− Stores the urine
− Void intermittently under voluntary control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The most common diseases of the urinary tract:

A

− Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men
− Urinary tract infection (UTI) in women
− Urinary incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The symptoms that suggest urinary tract diseases:

A
  • frequency of micturition
  • dysuria
  • haematuria
  • urinary retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What gender is UTI more common in?

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the major form or UTI?

A

cystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is cystitis?

A

inflammation of the bladder

common in UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What gender is cystitis more common in?

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is cystitis acute or chronic?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cystitis caused by?

A

E.coli or Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sterile Cystitis

A

radiation

drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cystitis Presentation

A
  • urgency
  • frequency
  • dysuiria
  • lower abdominal pain or tenderness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cystitis Complication

A

pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cystitis Pathology

A

non-specific acute or chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cystitis Pathology - Acute Cystitis

A

mucosa becomes hyperaemic

often producing exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cystitis Pathology - Chronic Cystitis

A

– results from recurrent or persistent infection of the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does chronic infection of cystitis do?

A

-> fibrous thickening & scarring; bladder wall less distensible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cystitis Diagnosis

A

urine bacteria count

microscopy

WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cystitis Treatment

A
  • 3-5 days course of antibotics
  • high fluid intake - cranberry juice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What should you do if you have recurrent cystitis infection?

A

investigation

20
Q

What does metaplasia in the bladder lead to?

A

the formation of bladder tumours

21
Q

Urothelium

A

transitional cell lining

22
Q

What can undergo metaplastic changes in the bladder?

A

urothelium

23
Q

What are the three metaplasia in bladder?

A

squamous metaplasia

intestinal or glandular metaplasia

nephrogenic metaplasia

24
Q

Benign tumours of the bladder

A

rare

2-3% of epithelial tumours

25
Q

Transitional cell carcinomas

A

− common malignant tumours arising from transitional cell epithelium

− account for 90%+ of bladder epithelial cell tumours

26
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas

A

Uncommon under 50 yrs old; more commonly affect males (4 males: 1 female)

Notoriously silent tumours: 50% incurable at diagnosis

27
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas Presentation

A

painless haematuria

28
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas Symptoms

A

accompanied by symptoms of UTI

29
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas Symptoms of Local Invasion

A

ureteric obstruction

30
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas - Risk Factors

A

smoking

exposure to acrylamide chemical in industry

drugs
- analgesic abuse
- immunosuppressive agents

radiation

31
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas - Pathology

A

in situ or invasive

graded to I-III according to cytological atypia

32
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinomas - What are the two main types of cell tumour?

A

papillary tumour - 70%

sessile (flat) tumour

33
Q

Transitional carcinoma - clinical features

A
  • painless haematuria
  • symptoms of UTI
  • symptoms of local invasion
34
Q

Transitional carcinoma - diagnosis

A

urine cytological examination
- malignant cells

cystoscopy for pathology

35
Q

Transitional carcinoma - treatment

A

according to the stage and histological grade

  • tumour resection using diathermy
  • radiotherapy
  • cystectomy
36
Q

Transitional carcinoma - prognosis

A

5 year survival 80% if bladder wall not involved

5% in local invasion on presentation

37
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

involuntary loss of urine

socially distressing

common in elderly - 25% of women and 15% of men over 65

38
Q

Types of Urinary Incontinence

A

urge incontinence

stress incontinence

overflow incontinence

functional incontinence

39
Q

Urge Incontinence

A

− Due to detrusor overactivity with leakage of urine
(the bladder is perceived to be full)

− As isolated event

− Secondary to local factors (bladder infection, stones) or central factors (stroke, dementia, Parkinson’s disease)

40
Q

Stress Incontinence

A

− Occurs when intra-abdominal pressure is increased (cough, sneeze)

− Weak pelvic floor or urethral sphincter

− Common in women after childbirth

41
Q

Overflow Incontinence

A

− Leakage of urine from a full distended bladder

Commonly in men with prostatic obstruction

Following spinal cord injury

In women with cystocoeles or after gynaecological surgery

42
Q

Functional Incontinence

A

− Passage of urine owing to inability to get to a toilet because of disability (stroke, trauma, unavailability of toilet facilities or dementia)

43
Q

Urinary Incontinence - Treatment - Urge Incontinence

A

bladder training

antimuscarininic

treatment of underlying causes

44
Q

Urinary Incontinence - Treatment - Stress Incontinence

A

pelvic floor exercises

45
Q

Urinary Incontinence - Treatment - Overflow Incontinence

A

removal of obstruction

46
Q

Urinary Incontinence - Treatment - Functional Incontinence

A

improves facilities, regular urinary voiding, absorbent padding

Pathology And Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions