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Pathology And Medicine > Nervous system diseases II > Flashcards

Nervous system diseases II Flashcards

1
Q

Migraine characteristics

A

intense throbbing pain or pulsing sensation

usually on one side of the head

2-3 times more common in women than men

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1
Q

Migraine Symptoms

A

within aura

without aura

acute pain

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2
Q

Migraine Triggering Factors

A

bright or flashing light

lack of food

certain food or drink

tiredness

stress or menstruation

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3
Q

Causes of Migraine

A

unknown

  • dilation and contraction of blood vessel
  • change in serotonin signalling
  • genetic component
    -> ion channels - impact on nerve activity
    -> trigemina ganglion - mutations in the TRESK - potassium channel
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4
Q

Treatment of Migraine

A
  • triptan drugs - serotonin receptors agonist
  • anti-emetics
  • painkillers
  • lying in a dark room
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5
Q

Types of Anxiety

A

Generalised anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Phobia Related disorder

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6
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder symptoms

A

recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

sweating tremblings

shortness of breath

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7
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

genetic and environmental factors

risk factors - family history

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8
Q

Anxiety disorder treatment

A
  • psychotherapy
  • anxiolytics
    -> antidepressants
    -> benzodiapamines
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9
Q

Depression causes

A

genetic predisposition

early life experiences

upsetting or stressful life events

gut microbiome

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10
Q

Depression pathopsyiology

A

alternations in monoaminergic neurotransmitter signalling

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11
Q

Depression treatment

A

antidepressant

psychotherapy

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12
Q

Types of antidepressant treatments

A
  • SSRIs
  • SNRIs
  • TCSs
  • MAOI
  • atypical agents
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13
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

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14
Q

SNRI

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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15
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

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16
Q

MAIO

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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17
Q

Characteristics of Psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality

3 stages of psychotic episode - prodromal, acute, recovery

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages of psychotic episode

A

prodromal

acute

recovery

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19
Q

Characterisitics of psychotic illness

A

Sz

Schizoaffective disorder

Paraphernalia

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20
Q

Psychosis Symptoms

A

3 main symptoms

  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • confused thought
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21
Q

Causes of psychotic episodes

A

underlying psychotic illness

co-morbid illnesses

triggers - depression, stress

early life experiences

alcohol and drug misuse

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22
Q

Pathophysiology of psychosis

A

genetic
- anatomical
- neurotransmitter signalling - glutamate, GABA, dopamine

environmental

23
Q

Treatments of psychosis

A

antipsychotics - inhibit dopaminergic transmission

psychological treatment eg. CBT

24
Q

Tourette’s syndrome characteristics

A

symptoms begin in childhood
- 2-14 years old

25
Q

Tourette’s syndrome symptoms

A

tics - repeated, sudden movement, twitches or sound

premonitory sensations - strong urge before a tic

comorbidities eg, OCD, ADHD, Anxiety

26
Q

Causes of Tourettes

A

complex disorder - genetic and environmental factors

Abnormalities in basal ganglia, frontal lobe and cortex

changes in serotonin and dopamine

27
Q

Treatment for Tourettes

A

behavioural therapy
- habit reversal training
- exposure with response prevention

medication
- eg. respiridone
(dopamine and histamine receptor antagonist)

28
Q

Characteristists of traumatic brain injury

A

sudden injury or trauma caused to the brain

blow, bump or jolt to the brain

closed head injury

29
Q

Symptoms of traumatic brain injury

A

loss of consciousness

persistent headache

repeated vomiting and nausea

convulsions or seizures

feeling tired

blurred vision

30
Q

Treatment for traumatic brain injury

A

acute medical care
- blood flow, oxygen supply, surgery

rehab
- physical, occupational, speech therapy

31
Q

Spinal Cord Injuries Causes

A

sudden trauma blow to the spine

fracture or dislocation or compression of the vertebrae

32
Q

What is complete spinal cord injury?

A

total lack of sensory and motor function below the level of injury

33
Q

What is incomplete spinal cord injury?

A

potential to regain some function

34
Q

Complications of spinal cord injuries

A

chronic pain

respiratory infections

bladder and bowel dysfunction

fractures

35
Q

Treatment of spinal cod injuries

A

rehab programs

36
Q

CNS tumours characteristics

A

abnormal growths of tissue

can place pressure on tissue and impair function

37
Q

CNS tumours symptoms

A

brain tumour
- headaches, seizures, nausea, vomiting
- behavioural and cognitive changes
- motor and/or balance problems

spinal cord tumour
- pain, sensory alternations, motor problems

38
Q

CNS tumour treatments

A

surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

39
Q

Epilepsy characteristics

A

excessive abnormal synchronised pattern or neuronal activity in the cortex

40
Q

Symptoms of epilepsy

A

seizures
- convulsive
- non-convulsive - absence

triggers for seizure
eg. lack of sleep, stress, excessive alcohol

41
Q

Causes of Epilepsy

A

genetic - ion channels, GPCR, enzymes, GABA

acquired - eg. stroke, head injury, brain tumour, infection

42
Q

Epilepsy Treatment

A

anti-epileptic drugs

surgery

vagus nerve stimulator

deep brain stimulator implanted

ketogenic diet

43
Q

Characteritics of hydrocephalus

A

excessive accumulation of CSF

pressure on brain

44
Q

Causes of hydrocephalus

A

congenital
- spina bifida or infection during pregnancy

  • X-linked hydrocephalus
  • arachnoid cytes
  • CSF flow restricted
  • brain damage when born
45
Q

Hydrocephalus causes

A

acquired
- head injury
- brain tumour

46
Q

Hydrocephalus symptoms

A

vomiting

problems with balance and coordination

sleepiness/lethargy, drowsiness

changes in personality and cognition

47
Q

Hydrocephalus treatment

A

surgery to drain excess fluid

48
Q

Characteristics of multiple sclerosis

A

demyelinating condition

49
Q

Causes of multiple sclerosis

A

thought to be an autoimmune disease

immune system attacks the myelin sheath of neurons

genetic and environmental factors
- pervious infections

50
Q

Multiple sclerosis symptoms

A
  • progressive or relapsing remitting
  • relatively benign to disabling/devastating
    -> eg difficulty walking
51
Q

Multiple sclerosis treatment

A

steroids for relapses

disease modifying therapies

52
Q

Narcolepsy Characteristics

A
  • neurological disorder
  • first identified in dogs
53
Q

Symptoms of Nacolepsy

A

excessive daytime sleepiness

cataplexy

direct transition from wakefulness to REM sleep

54
Q

Causes of Narcolepsy

A
  • loss of hypocretin/orexins
  • autoimmune diseases
    -> cells producing orexin
    -> orexin receptors
  • triggers - hormonal changes, psychological stress, infection
55
Q

Treatment of Narcolepsy

A

stimulants

SSRIs - surpress REM sleep

Sodium oxybate - cataplexy

Pathology And Medicine (15 decks)

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