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Pathology And Medicine > Nervous system and Diseases I > Flashcards

Nervous system and Diseases I Flashcards

1
Q

Define neurological disorders

A

condition in the central/peripheral NS that affects its functioning

  • brain, spinal cord or nerves
  • structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities
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2
Q

Neurological disorders causes

A

genes

environment

bacterial or viral infection

traumatic injuries or accidents

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3
Q

How many known neurological disorders are there?

A

> 600

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4
Q

What are the four main categories of neurological disorders?

A

sudden onset

intermittent and unpredictable

progressive

stable with changing needs

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5
Q

Sudden onset examples

A

stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal injury, meningitis

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6
Q

Intermittent and Unpredictable Examples

A

epilepsy and migraine

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7
Q

Progressive Examples

A

parkinsons, dementia, motor neuron disease

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8
Q

Stable with changing needs examples

A

tourettes, narcolepsy, cerebral palsy

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9
Q

Rate of people with neurological disorders

A

1/6

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10
Q

What does mental health conditions cause?

A

significant distress or impairment of personal functioning

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11
Q

What is mental health conditions characterised by?

A

by a combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, mood, behaviour and relationships with others

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12
Q

Direct cost of mental health in Europe

A

all costs that are completely attribute to the use of a heath care intervention or illness

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13
Q

Direct medical cost of mental health in Europe

A
  • value of resources used in treatment , care and rehabilitation of a patient
  • medication
  • consumable eg. needles, cannulas
  • staff costs
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14
Q

Direct non-medical cost of mental health in Europe

A
  • transport
  • caregiver time
  • equipment maintance
  • insurance
  • heating and lighting
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15
Q

Indirect cost

A

value of economics resources lost because of disease-related disability or premature mortality

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16
Q

Economic burden of brain disorders

A

high

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17
Q

What does the central nervous system comprise of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Function of Nervous System

A

sensory - direct internal and external stimuli

integration - process information and make decisions

motor - effect an appropriate response

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19
Q

Neurons Structure

A
  • dendrites, cell body, axon
  • form complex networks
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20
Q

What do neurons do?

A
  • electrical excitability
    -> convert stimuli into an action potential

-> action potential propagates along the axon

  • most are unable to undergo mitotic divisions
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21
Q

Glial Cells - astrocytes

A

protoplasmic
- short branching processes found in grey matter

fibrous
- long unbranched processes found in white matter

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22
Q

Astrocytes protoplasmic

A

short branching processes found in grey matter

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23
Q

Astrocytes fibrous

A

long unbranched processes found in white matter

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24
Q

Astrocytes

A

A subtype of glial cells that make up the majority of cells in the human central nervous system (CNS)

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25
Q

What allows astrocytes to support neurons?

A

microfilament structure

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26
Q

What does Astrocytes do?

A

maintain appropriate chemical environment for generation of nerve impulses

may play a role in learning and memory
-> influence formation of neural synapses

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27
Q

Microglia

A

phagocytes

remove cellular debris, microbes and damaged nervous tissue

28
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain myeline sheath around CNS axon

insulates axons and increase speed of nerve impulse condition

29
Q

Myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering

30
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

tight junction - seal together endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries

thick basement membrane that surrounds capillaries

restricts access for substances in blood to enter brain

31
Q

Blood brain barrier transport

A
  • diffusion
  • facilitated transport
  • slow or no transport
32
Q

BBB- diffusion

A
  • lipid-soluble substance
    CO2, O2, steroid hormones, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
  • water
33
Q

BBB - facilitated transport

A
  • a few water-soluble substance such as glucose
34
Q

BBB- slow or no transport

A
  • ions very slowly
  • proteins and most antibiotics do not cross BBB
35
Q

What are the two protection mechanisms of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

A

mechanical protection

chemical protection

36
Q

Mechanical protection of CSF

A

shock-absorbing medium to protect brain and spinal cord

37
Q

Chemical protection of CSF

A

optimal chemical environment for neuronal signalling
(action potentials and postsynaptic potentials)

38
Q

CSF Circualtion

A

allows exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and adjacent nervous tissues

39
Q

Cerebrum

A

seat of intelligence

  • outer cerebral cortex - grey matter
  • cerebral white matter
40
Q

What does the Cerebral Cortex Consist of?

A

Frontal lobes

Temporal lobes

Parietal lobes

Occipital lobes

41
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

higher cognitive functions
- decision-making, conscious thought, control of emotion and behaviour, language production

42
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

memory, hearing, emotion and some aspects of language

43
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Intergrating sensory information and movement co-ordination

44
Q

Occipital lobes

A

visual processing

45
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

Superior colliculi

Inferior colliculi

Substantia nigra

46
Q

Superior colliculi

A

coordinate movements of head, eyes and trunk in response to visual stimuli

47
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

coordinate movements of head, eyes and trunk in response to auditory stimuli

48
Q

Substantia nigra

A

dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions

49
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

A

deep cerebral nuclei

50
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

motor function
- initiation, coordination of movement, posture, tone

cognition, precipitation and emotional behaviours - including reward system

51
Q

Parts of the brainstem

A

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

52
Q

Pons

A
  • relay signals from motor areas of cerebral cortex to cerebellum
  • respiratory regulations
53
Q

Medulla Oblongata - Cardiovascular

A

regulates heart beat and blood vessel diameter

54
Q

Medulla Oblongata - Respiratory

A

regulates breathing

55
Q

Medulla Oblongata - Reticular formation

A

consciousness and arousal

56
Q

Cerebellum

A

co-ordinates skilled movement

regulates posture and balance

evaluates how well movements initiated by motor areas in the cerebrum are actually being carried out

feedback to motor areas of cerebral cortex

damage to cerebellum can result in ATAXIA

loss of ability to coordinate muscular movement

abnormal walking movement - altered speech

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls and integrates activities of autonomic nervous system

hormone production eg. oxytocin and antidiuretic (ADH)

regulates emotional and behavioural patterns

feeding and satiety centres

thirst centres

suprachiamastic nuclei (SCN)

Regulation of body temperature

58
Q

Thalamus

A

relays sensory information to cerebral cortex

59
Q

Role of Thalamus

A

motor function
- transmits info from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor area or cerebral cortex

role in maintain consciousness

60
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A

emotion, behaviour, long-term memory and olfaction

61
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

cortical areas
- limbic lobe - frontal and temporal

subcortical areas
- amygdala, hippocampus

some thalamic nuclei

some hypothalamic neclei

62
Q

Why is the limbic system unique to mammals?

A

species preservation
- reproduction, instinctive behaviour

self-preservation
- feeding behaviour, aggression

expression of fear

motivation

emotions

learning and memory

63
Q

Dopamine

A

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and hypothalamus

excitatory, inhibitory and modulatory

reward, addiction, motivation and motor control

64
Q

Serotonin

A

inhibitory NT

Role- mood, emotion, appetite and digestion

Precursor to melatonin - sleep

balances out excessive excitaroy NT effects

65
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric aicd

primary inhibitory NT

regulate anxiety, vision and motor control

low levels can cause irritability and anxiety

66
Q

Glutamate

A

most abundent NT in CNS

excitatory NT

cognitive functions, memory and learning

67
Q

Adrenaline/Noradrenalin

A

excitatory NT - sympathetic nervous system

hormone

produced in adrenal glands

stress réponse

Pathology And Medicine (15 decks)

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