Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology And Medicine > Kidney diseases > Flashcards

Kidney diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney’s principal function

A
  • Eliminating waste materials
  • Regulating fluid & electrolyte balance as well as acid-base balance
  • Endocrine function eg. prostaglandins, erythropoietin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are most kidney diseases associated with?

A

abnormalities of the glomerular capillary or the renal tubule system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of reactions are kidneys associated with?

A

various immune reactions
- immune complexes deposited in the glomerular capillary walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Example of diseases of the kidney

A

glomeruli
- immunologically mediated

tubules
- toxic/infectious agents

interstitium
- toxic infectious agents

blood vessels
- decreased blood supply = damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens if there is severe damage to all four structures of the kidney?

A

chronic renal diseases

which leads to renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nephritis

A

inflammation of any part of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Three types of nephritis

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. interstitial nephritis
  3. pyelonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

general term for a group of disorders
- bilateral, symmetrical immunologically mediated injury to the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many cases does glomerulonephritis account for of terminal renal failure?

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primary Glomerulonephritis

A

kidney is the predominant organ involved

eg. post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary Glomerulonephritis

A

systemic diseases with glomerular involvement

eg. SLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Renal Failure

A

failure of renal excretory function due to depression of GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is renal failure accompanied by? (variable extend by failure of)

A
  • erythropoietin (EPO) production
  • Vit D hydroxylation
  • regulation of acid-base balance
  • regulation of salt and water balance and blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Pathogenesis

A

reduced excretion of nitrogenous waste products - urea

uraemia increases creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

abrupt deterioration in parenchymal renal function usually reversible over days or weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Causes

A

pre-renal

intrinsic renal

post-renal

17
Q

Percentage of Acute Renal Failure being pre-renal

A

70%

18
Q

Percentage of Acute Renal Failure being post-renal

A

5%

19
Q

Percentage of Acute Renal Failure being intrinsic renal

A

25%

20
Q

Acute Renal Failure - symptoms

A

early stages often asymptomatic

21
Q

Acute Renal Failure - when it is symptomatic

A

when plasma urea > 40mmol/L

− Oliguria, oedema

− Plasma creatinine rises (by ~ 100 roughly mol/day)

−Hyperkalaemia & metabolicacis

− Uraemic syndrome: anorexia, nausea, vomitting, irritability, seizures and coma

22
Q

Acute Renal Failure - Treatment

A
  • Correct reversible underlying factors
    eg. volume depletion, nephrotoxic drugs
  • Treat hyperkalaemia
  • Dialysis
    -> Indications:
    Hyperkalaemia (> 6.5 mmol/L )

Severe metabolic acidosis (pH <7.2)

Pulmonary oedema

Complications of uraemia: encephalopathy, seizures, pericarditis

23
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

Long standing and usually progressive impairment in renal function

24
Q

What are the major causes of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes

Hypertension

Glomerulonephritis

Pyelonephritis

Cystic (polycystic) renal disease

Nephrotoxins

25
Q

Chronic Renal Failure - Clinical Features

A
  • very insidious
  • often asymptomatic until GFR < 15ml/min
  • symptoms occur when serum urea >40mmol/L

uraemia syndrome
nocturia and polyuria
oedema

26
Q

uraemia syndrome

A

-> nervous system - loss of appetite and energy
-> gastrointestinal - vomiting, nausea
-> dermatological - itching

27
Q

Chronic Renal Failure - anaemia

A
  • Largely due to EPO deficiency
  • Normochromic, normocytic
  • Typical “anaemia of chronic disease”
  • responds to EPO
28
Q

Chronic Renal Failure - Electrolyte/acid-base disorders

A

Hyperkalaemia; Na retention (usually) Hypo~ (early) & hyper~ (late) -calcaemia

metabolic acidosis

29
Q

Chronic renal failure
- haematological and metabolic complications

A

anaemia

renal osteodystrophy

Electrolyte/acid-base disorders

Pathology And Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions