Urinary tract Flashcards
VUR
vesicoureteral reflux
VCUG
voiding cystourethrography
UA
urinalysis
TURBT
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
PCNL
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
pH
measurement of acids and bases
IVP
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
IC
interstitial cystitis
ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
EMG
electromyography; electromyogram
cysto
cystoscopy
BNO
bladder neck obstruction
C&S
culture and sensitivity
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
potassium supplement
replace potassium after depletion via diuretics
dieuretics
promote and increase urine excretion
antispasmodics
descrease spasms in urethra and bladder by relaxing smooth muscles lining walls
allowing normal bladder emptying
antibiotics
Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
hemodialysis
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream
dialysis
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
ureteral stent placement
Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
nephrostomy
Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
voiding cystourethrography
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
renal nuclear scan
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
bladder ultrasound
noninvasive test using high-frew soundwaves to produce images of bladder before and after urination
urinalysis (UA)
Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
Endoscopic cystoscopy
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
electromyography in urinary system
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney
nephroblastoma
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney
Usually in children
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
UTI of kidneys?
acute pyelonephritis
UTI of bladder
cystitis
UTI of urethra
urethritis
urgency
Sensation of the need to void immediately
pyelonephritis
Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
neurogenic bladder
Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to antibiotics
filtrate
Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsul
electrolyte
Mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH
nitrogenous waste
Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
peristaltic wave
Sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle of a hollow organ to force material forward an prevent backflow
pH
Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution
plasma
Liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
retroperitoneal
situated behind the peritoneum
kidney location
retroperitoneal
kidney jobs
remove excess minerals and other things from the blood
ureters function
carry urin from kidneys to the bladder
urethra
tube for discharge of fluids from bladder
urinary bladder -structure
expandable hollow organ
urinary bladder -fcn
reservoir for urine
nephron
1 of millions which regulate blood. plasma and tissue fluid flow and compositions (pH, minerals, electrolytes) by formation and excretion of urine
3 main parts of nephron
renal corpuscle, peritubular capillaries, renal tubule
parts of renal corpuscle
- glomerulus
- Bowman [glomerular] capsule
- afferent arteriole
- efferent arteriole
renal tubule parts
- proximal convoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal tubule
- collecting tubule
filtrate formed in nephron when?
parts of plasma pass from afferent tubule to the Bowman capsule
filtration of nephron done where
renal copuscle
reabsorption of nephron done where?
tubule (proximal convoluted and distal tubule) - parts of filtrate reenter blood from peritubular capillaries
nephron secretion - where?
peritubular capillaries actively secret waste into renal tubule
albumin/o
Albumin, protein
cyst/o
bladder
vesci/o
bladder
azot/o
Nitrogenous compounds
kal/i
potassium
glomerul/o
glomerulus
keton/o
ketones (acids and bases)
lith/o
stone
meat/o
opening, meatus
nephr/o
kidneys
noct/o
night
olig/o
scanty
ren/o
kidneys
pyel/o
renal pelvis
py/o
pus
ur/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
-iasis
abnormal (produced by something specific)
-uria
urine
-cele
hernia
dia-
through
retro-
behind; backward
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons causing it to leak RBC, protein into the tubule
glomerulonephritis - signs
proteinuria, hematuria
bacteriuria
hypertension, edema, renal function problems
glomerulonephritis - causes
virus, autoimmune, bacteria
glomerulonephritis - prognosis
usually no long term problems post-treatment
2 types of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma -def?
transitional cells lining bladder, urethra. ureters for malignant tumors
adenocarcinoma
cancer of mucous-secreting glands in bladder
tends toward invasiveness
bladder cancer - symptoms
hematuria, changes in frequency, dysuria, abdominal and back pain
bladder cancer - signs
cystoscopy of suspicious lesions
urine cytology to look for tumor cells in urine
bladder cancer - treatment
early stages - TURBT
advanced - cystectomy
other options - biological (immunotherapy), chemotherapy
anuria
absence of urine production
bladder neck obstruction
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
where kidney has little to no function (requires dialysis or organ donation)
fistule
abnormal passage from hollow organ to surface or from one organ to another
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of penal pelvis and calyces of one/both kidneys
causes accumulation of urine that cannot flow past urinary tract obstruction
interstitial cystitis (IC) - aka
painful bladder syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
Interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation of bladder wall
not caused by bacterial infection
antispasmodics - muscles they work on
smooth muscles of bladder and urethra
