Urinary tract Flashcards
1
Q
VUR
A
vesicoureteral reflux
2
Q
VCUG
A
voiding cystourethrography
3
Q
UA
A
urinalysis
4
Q
TURBT
A
Transurethral resection of bladder tumor
5
Q
PKD
A
polycystic kidney disease
5
Q
PCNL
A
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
5
Q
pH
A
measurement of acids and bases
5
Q
IVP
A
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous pyelography
5
Q
IC
A
interstitial cystitis
6
Q
ESWL
A
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
7
Q
ESRD
A
end-stage renal disease
8
Q
EMG
A
electromyography; electromyogram
8
Q
cysto
A
cystoscopy
8
Q
BNO
A
bladder neck obstruction
8
Q
C&S
A
culture and sensitivity
8
Q
ATN
A
acute tubular necrosis
8
Q
potassium supplement
A
replace potassium after depletion via diuretics
9
Q
dieuretics
A
promote and increase urine excretion
10
Q
antispasmodics
A
descrease spasms in urethra and bladder by relaxing smooth muscles lining walls
allowing normal bladder emptying
11
Q
antibiotics
A
Treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
12
Q
peritoneal dialysis
A
Dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution
13
Q
hemodialysis
A
Dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters it using a solution called a dialysate, and then returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream
14
Q
dialysis
A
Filtering procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from the blood and correct for electrolyte imbalances
15
Q
ureteral stent placement
A
Insertion of a thin, narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney
16
nephrostomy
Opening created between the skin and kidney to drain urine through a tube to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
17
voiding cystourethrography
X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging
18
renal nuclear scan
Nuclear imaging test using a radioactive substance (tracer) injected intravenously to produce images of the kidneys
19
intravenous pyelography (IVP)
Imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography
20
bladder ultrasound
noninvasive test using high-frew soundwaves to produce images of bladder before and after urination
21
urinalysis (UA)
Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
21
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Test that determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics
21
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Test that determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism
22
Endoscopic cystoscopy
Examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, to obtain biopsies of tumors or other growths, or to remove polyps
23
electromyography in urinary system
Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
24
Wilms tumor
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney
25
nephroblastoma
Rapidly developing malignant tumor of the kidney
Usually in children
26
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually as a result of impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
27
urinary tract infection (UTI)
An infection, typically of bacterial origin, in any part of the urinary tract, including the kidneys (acute pyelonephritis), bladder (cystitis), or urethra (urethritis)
27
UTI of kidneys?
acute pyelonephritis
28
UTI of bladder
cystitis
29
UTI of urethra
urethritis
30
urgency
Sensation of the need to void immediately
31
pyelonephritis
Infection of the kidney, usually the result of an infection that begins in the urethra or bladder and ascends the ureters to the kidney
32
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
33
neurogenic bladder
Impairment of bladder control as a result of brain, spinal cord, or nerve damage
34
nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
35
interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and not responsive to antibiotics
36
filtrate
Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsul
37
electrolyte
Mineral salt of the body that carries an electrical charge and regulates nerve impulses, muscle contraction, hydration, and blood pH
38
nitrogenous waste
Product of protein metabolism that includes urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
39
peristaltic wave
Sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle of a hollow organ to force material forward an prevent backflow
40
pH
Symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a solution
41
plasma
Liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes
41
retroperitoneal
situated behind the peritoneum
41
kidney location
retroperitoneal
42
kidney jobs
remove excess minerals and other things from the blood
42
ureters function
carry urin from kidneys to the bladder
43
urethra
tube for discharge of fluids from bladder
43
urinary bladder -structure
expandable hollow organ
43
urinary bladder -fcn
reservoir for urine
44
nephron
1 of millions which regulate blood. plasma and tissue fluid flow and compositions (pH, minerals, electrolytes) by formation and excretion of urine
45
3 main parts of nephron
renal corpuscle, peritubular capillaries, renal tubule
45
46
parts of renal corpuscle
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman [glomerular] capsule
3. afferent arteriole
4. efferent arteriole
46
renal tubule parts
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. loop of Henle
3. distal tubule
4. collecting tubule
47
filtrate formed in nephron when?
parts of plasma pass from afferent tubule to the Bowman capsule
48
filtration of nephron done where
renal copuscle
49
reabsorption of nephron done where?
tubule (proximal convoluted and distal tubule) - parts of filtrate reenter blood from peritubular capillaries
50
nephron secretion - where?
peritubular capillaries actively secret waste into renal tubule
50
albumin/o
Albumin, protein
51
cyst/o
bladder
51
vesci/o
bladder
51
azot/o
Nitrogenous compounds
52
kal/i
potassium
53
glomerul/o
glomerulus
53
keton/o
ketones (acids and bases)
54
lith/o
stone
55
meat/o
opening, meatus
55
nephr/o
kidneys
56
noct/o
night
56
olig/o
scanty
56
ren/o
kidneys
57
pyel/o
renal pelvis
57
py/o
pus
58
ur/o
urine
59
ureter/o
ureter
60
urethr/o
urethra
61
-genesis
forming; producing; origin
62
-iasis
abnormal (produced by something specific)
63
-uria
urine
64
-cele
hernia
65
dia-
through
66
retro-
behind; backward
67
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons causing it to leak RBC, protein into the tubule
68
glomerulonephritis - signs
proteinuria, hematuria
bacteriuria
hypertension, edema, renal function problems
69
glomerulonephritis - causes
virus, autoimmune, bacteria
70
glomerulonephritis - prognosis
usually no long term problems post-treatment
71
2 types of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
72
transitional cell carcinoma -def?
transitional cells lining bladder, urethra. ureters for malignant tumors
72
adenocarcinoma
cancer of mucous-secreting glands in bladder
tends toward invasiveness
72
bladder cancer - symptoms
hematuria, changes in frequency, dysuria, abdominal and back pain
73
bladder cancer - signs
cystoscopy of suspicious lesions
urine cytology to look for tumor cells in urine
73
bladder cancer - treatment
early stages - TURBT
advanced - cystectomy
other options - biological (immunotherapy), chemotherapy
73
anuria
absence of urine production
74
bladder neck obstruction
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
75
cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between the bladder and vagina
76
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
77
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
where kidney has little to no function (requires dialysis or organ donation)
77
fistule
abnormal passage from hollow organ to surface or from one organ to another
78
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of penal pelvis and calyces of one/both kidneys
causes accumulation of urine that cannot flow past urinary tract obstruction
78
interstitial cystitis (IC) - aka
painful bladder syndrome
79
Nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
79
Interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation of bladder wall
not caused by bacterial infection
80
antispasmodics - muscles they work on
smooth muscles of bladder and urethra
81
82
83
