Urinary System Scanning Protocol Flashcards by Jhey Pugay

upper urinary tract

Kidneys

Ureters

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Lower urinary tract

Urinary bladder

Urethra

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Removing water and waste products from the blood

Filtration

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Removing wastes in the form of urine

Excretion

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Maitaining the salt to water balance and help in regulating blood pressure

Maintenance

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Producing hormones that are deployed through the body

Hormone production

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Kidneys are located at _______ of spine

Retroperitoneum

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Kidneys are at the level of

T12 and L4

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Right kidneys are _____ than the left kidney

Lower

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Right kidneys is posteroinferior to the

Liver and gallbladder

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Left kidney is inferior and medial of

Spleen

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Presents as midgray or medium to low-level homogeneous echoes

Renal cortex

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Consists of medullary pyramids which appears as triangular , round or blunted anechoic areas

Renal medulla

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Rebal medulla is _______ thick

1.2 - 1.5 cm

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Have a distinctive and readily identifiable appearance

Anechoic pyramids

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Bright echodense ovoid central portion of the kidney with irregular borders

Renal sinus

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It houses the collecting system , lymphatic and renal vessels

Renal sinus

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Outer cover is the

Rind / capsule

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Collecting system is called

Pelvocalyceal / calicopelvic

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Renal cortex of normal kidney pediatrics

Hyperechoic

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Medullary pyramids in the pediatric kidney is

More visible

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Transducer

3.5 mHz

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Recommeded positioning

Supine
Prone
Right and left decubitus

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Ptosis of the kidney is suspected at

Upright projection

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Important factors to evaluate the renal parenchyma

Proper gain control | Sensitivity time control

To delineate different sections of the kidney

Longitudinal and transverse

Right kidneys are seen using the window

Right lobe of the liver

Landmark of the left kidney

Spleen

Longitudinal axis

9-10 cm

Vertical axis

4-5 cm

Neonatal

2-3 cm

Kidneys shrink due to

Atrophic changes

Atropic changes

Age Circulatory inefficiency Renal disease

Large kidney is larger to accomodate increase workload

Hypertrophy

Renal disease to small kidney

Chronic pyelonephritis Chronic glumerulonephritis Kimmelstiel wilson's disease Nepheosclerosis

Large kidneys disease

Renal hypertension | Acute inflammatory disease

It demostrates the tumor mass and whether the mass is solid or fluid

Ultrasound

Classification of renal masses

Fluid -filled mass Solid mass Complex renal masses

Round pouch of smooth , thin-walled tissue or closed pocket that is usually filled with fluid

Renal cyst

True cyst is considered

Anechoic Smooth Exhibit posterior acoustic enhancement

Considered benign

Cystic masses

Usually malignant

Solid masses

Most common malignant tumor

Renal cell carcinoma

Absence of a back wall tends to be irregular

Hypoechoic mass

Smooth continuous wall

Cysts

Exhibits both fluid and solid texture

Complex masses

A rare tumor

Cystic renal cell carninoma

Shows a complex pattern

Renal hematoma

Most common benign tumor of the kidney

Angiomyolipoma

Kidney stones

Nephrolithiasis

A color phenomenon visible behind a strongly reflecting interface

Twinkling artifact

Twinkling artifact is called

Scintillation artifact / twinkle artifact

Twinkling artifact is beneficial for the detection of

Urinary tract stones Urinary calculi

Urine builds up in the kidneys and cannot drain out the bladder

Hydronephrosis

3 components of hydronephrosis

Pelviectasis Calliectasis Hydroureter

Lower segment of the ureter is obstructed the the urine

Pelviectasis

Dilation of the renal calyces then follows

Calliectasis

Dilation of ureter

Hydroureter

Grading of hydronephrosis

Mild Moderate Severe

Visualization of the collecting system w/ blurring

Mild

Dilation of the collecting system

Moderate

Severely dilated ; clubbed calyces w/ thinning of cortical parenchyma

Severe

Calcium levels in the kidneys are increased

Nephrocalcinosis

Obtain characteristics shape by forming a cast of renal pelvis and calices resembling horns

Staghorn calculus / coral calculi

Developmental renal anomaly characterized by abnormal anatomical location of one or both of the kidneys

Ectopic kidney ( renal ectopia )

The effect of urine entering the urinary bladder ureteral orifices

Ureteral jets

Described the sonographic appearanceof the urine filling bladder

Ureteral jets

Sac that receives and stores urine produced by the kidney

Urinary bladder

Urinary bladder is located at

Laterally lying psoas muscle

The bladder lumen appears

Anechoic

Insignificant

Minimal

5-20%

Moderate

21-30%

Significant

30%

Bladder stone

Urinary bladder calculi / vesical calculus / cystolith

Outpouching from the bladder wall , whereby mucosa herniates through the bladder wall

Urinary bladder diverticulum

Used to drain the bladder .

Urinary catheters

Parts of the urinary system

2 kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra