Urinary System Development

Question 1

The proximal male urethra is formed from what?

Answer 1

The urogenital sinus (endoderm)

Question 2

The distal male urethra is derived from what?

Answer 2

Ectodermal cord (ectoderm)

Question 3

What is the female urethra derived from?

Answer 3

Urogenital sinus

Question 4

What embryological layer gives rise to the urogenital ridge?

Answer 4

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 5

The urogenital ridge develops into what?

Answer 5

Nephrogenic ridge (gives rise to urinary system) and gonadal ridge (gives rise to genital system)

Question 6

The mesonephric duct gives rise to what in only the male?

Answer 6

Ductus deferens

Question 7

What is the ductus deferens derived from?

Answer 7

Mesonephric duct

Question 8

The mesonephric duct gives rise to what in both the male and female?

Answer 8

Ureteric bud

Question 9

What does the ureteric bud grow into? What does this cause?

Answer 9

Grows into the intermediate mesoderm, initiating formation of the metanephros

Question 10

What is derived from the ureteric bud?

Answer 10

Ureter, renal pelvis, renal calyces, and collecting duct (tubules)

Question 11

The nephron arises from what?

Answer 11

Intermediate mesoderm

Question 12

Renal agenesis with an absent ureter results from what?

Answer 12

Failure of ureteric bud and metanephric mesoderm to interact

Question 13

Male neonate is delivered and only a single umbilical artery is seen, what is suspected?

Answer 13

Renal agenesis

Question 14

The urorectal septum is derived from what embryological layer?

Answer 14

Mesoderm

Question 15

What does the urorectal septum divide?

Answer 15

The cloaca (endoderm) into the rectum and urogenital sinus

Question 16

What part of the urogenital sinus forms the bladder?

Answer 16

Vesicle part

Question 17

The urogenital sinus is continuous with what?

Answer 17

The allantois

Question 18

What does the allantois form?

Answer 18

Urachus, that later becomes the median umbilical ligament

Question 19

The medial umbilical ligament is a remnant from what embryonic structure?

Answer 19

Urachus

Question 20

The pelvic (middle) part of the urogenital sinus gives rise to what?

Answer 20

Bladder neck and prostatic urethra in the male, and the entire urethra in the female

Question 21

The trigone of the bladder is formed by tissue from what?

Answer 21

The mesonephric duct

Question 22

Epithelium o the entire bladder is derived from what?

Answer 22

Endoderm of the urogenital sinus

Question 23

Connective tissue and smooth muscle of the urinary bladder is derived from what?

Answer 23

Splanchnic (visceral) mesenchyme (mesoderm)

Question 24

Connective tissue and smooth muscle from the urethra is derived from what?

Answer 24

Splanchnic (visceral) mesenchyme (mesoderm)

Question 25

Exstrophy of the bladder is attributed to what?

Answer 25

Lack of anterior wall mesoderm; due to failure of mesenchymal cells to migrate between the ectoderm of the abdomen and cloaca during the 4th week

Question 26

Megacystis or megalocystis may result from the presence of what?

Answer 26

Posterior urethral valves (block the outflow of urine from the urinary bladder in the male only)

Question 27

The adrenal cortex develops from what?

Answer 27

Cranial part of urogenital ridge (intermediate mesoderm)

Question 28

What gives rise to the adrenal medulla?

Answer 28

Neural crest cells derived from neuroectoderm migrate and give rise to the adrenal medulla

Question 29

What cells are found in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 29

Chromaffin cells

Question 30

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by what?

Answer 30

Preganglionic nerve fibers

Question 31

Adrenogenital syndrome usually results from mutations in what gene?

Answer 31

P450c21 - steroid 21-hydroxylase gene (CYP21A2)

Question 32

Adrenogenital syndrome is a group of disorders that manifest in various clinical forms and result in virilization of female babies. It follows what type of inheritance pattern?

Answer 32

Autosomal recessive