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HRM Final Exam > Skildum > Flashcards

Skildum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the environment of the vagina normally?

A

Anaerobic

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2
Q

In 80% of healthy women, what microorganism dominates the vaginal flora?

A

Lactobacilli

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3
Q

What is the gram staining and morphology of lactobacilli?

A

Gram positive rods; facultative anaerobes

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4
Q

What are the products of lactobacilli?

A

Lactic acid (decreases pH), hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins

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5
Q

What organism produces lactocin 160?

A

L rhamnosus

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6
Q

The vaginal microbial community depends on what hormone?

A

Estrogen

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7
Q

How is lactate transported into cells?

A

MCTs

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8
Q

What sterioisomer of lactate is taken up by MCTs?

A

L-lactate

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9
Q

What is transported with lactate through the MCT?

A

H+

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10
Q

What is the function of lactate racemase?

A

Interconverts L and D lactate

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11
Q

What is the function of the enzyme pyruvate oxidase in lactobacilli?

A

Makes H2O2 from pyruvate; detoxifies of O2; helps maintain anaerobic environment

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12
Q

What is produced by the enzyme glucose oxidase in lactobacilli?

A

Takes glucose and makes D-gluconolactone; a by product from this reaction is H2O2 (again another detoxification process)

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13
Q

What enzymes are used by lactobacilli for detoxification of O2?

A

Pyruvate oxidase and glucose oxidase

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14
Q

What is the most abundant bacteria in healthy women?

A

L. Iners

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15
Q

What is the function of bacteriocins produced by lactobacilli?

A

For pores in target cell membranes

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16
Q

What bacteroicin disrupts the cell wall in gram positive bacteria?

A

Lysostaphin

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17
Q

What bacteriocin forms pores in cell membrane and disrupts the peptidoglycan transfer to the cell wall?

A

Nisin (class I)

18
Q

In 20% of healthy women, lactobacilli are not present. What bacteria are predominant in these women? What is different about their vagina?

A

Atopobium, corynebacterium, anaerococcus, gardnerella; pH is slightly higher 5.3-5.5

19
Q

What organism is responsible for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

20
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is associated with increasing concentration of what organisms?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis, mycoplasma hominis, mobiluncus sp. atopobium vaginae

21
Q

What is Amsel criteria?

A

Used to diagnose BV; 3/4 = BV

22
Q

What are the criteria of Amsel criteria?

A

Increased homogenous thin vaginal discharge; pH of the secretion greater than 4.5; amine odor when KOH is added; presence of clue cells in wet preparations

23
Q

If small gram variable rods are in abundance in the vaginal secretions, according to Nugent score what does this mean?

A

G. Vaginalis

24
Q

How does BV stick to epithelial cells?

A

Forms biofilms on the epithelial surface

25
Q

What is used to treat BV?

A

Metronidazole

26
Q

Metronidazole requires what type of environment for treatment?

A

Anaerobic; metronidazole can only be reduced to its active form in anaerobic organisms

27
Q

What is the MOA of metronidazole?

A

Metronidazole is reduced by pyruvate:feredoxin oxidoreductase - interferes with bacterias fuel metabolism and generates reactive nitrogen

28
Q

What effect does PID have on the epithelium of fallopian tubes?

A

Loss of ciliated epithelial cells; can result in infertility or ectopic pregnancy

29
Q

What organism causes PID and is tiny, lacks a cell wall and requires cholesterol in growth media?

A

M genitalium

30
Q

What gram negative coccobacilli can cause PID?

A

Hemophilus influenza

31
Q

What two organisms may accompany neisseria of chlamydia in PID?

A

H influ; S pyogenes

32
Q

What is the MOA of doxycycline?

A

Binds 30s ribosome and prevents tRNA binding; prevents protein synthesis

33
Q

What is the gram stain and morphology of S aureus?

A

Gram positive cocci that grow in clusters; catalase positive coagulase positive, non-motile; facultative anaerobe

34
Q

What is the importance of coagulase in S aureus?

A

Promotes fibrin activation and therefore wall that protects bacteria

35
Q

What pathogenicity island is associated with TSST-1 production?

A

SaPI1

36
Q

How is SapI1 spread?

A

Phage transduction

37
Q

What organism is the penile flora predominated by?

A

Lactobacillus

38
Q

Where is the most common site of viral entry?

A

The urethra and inner foreskin

39
Q

What is part of the issue with having a foreskin and the increased susceptibility to STI infection?

A

The inner foreskin is non-keratinized, making it easier for pathogens to penetrate

40
Q

What benefits does circumcision have?

A

Removes non-keratinized epithelium; shifts microbial community to aerobic bacteria which reduced inflammation and reduces the number of CD4+/CCR5+ macrophages in the urethra

HRM Final Exam (21 decks)

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