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HRM Final Exam > Repro Development > Flashcards

Repro Development Flashcards

1
Q

What embryological layer does the urogenital system arise?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

When is genetic sex determined?

A

At fertilization

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3
Q

SRY gene produces what protein? What is its importance?

A

Testis-determining factor and thus the development of the testes

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4
Q

Testis-determining factor is responsible for the cords differentiating into what?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

What is the most common abnormality of sexual differentiation?

A

Klinefelt syndrome

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6
Q

What is the karyotype for Klinefelter syndrome?

A

47, XXY

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7
Q

Klinefelter syndrome usually arises due to what?

A

Non-dysjunction of the XX homologues

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8
Q

What are the patient characteristics in Klinefelter syndrome?

A

Infertility, Gynecomastia, Impaired sexual maturation (Atrophic testes, Small penis, Lack of secondary male characteristics)

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9
Q

What is the karyotype of Turner syndrome?

A

45, XO

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10
Q

What are the patient characteristics of turner syndrome?

A

Short stature, High arched palate, Webbed neck, Shield-like chest, Inverted nipples, Cardiac (bicuspid aortic valve) and renal anomalies

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11
Q

What is the disorder of sex development?

A

Ovotesticular disorder (true hermaphrodites)

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12
Q

The caudal part of the genital ridge gives rise to what?

A

The gonads

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13
Q

The developing gonads consist of what cells?

A

Mesothelium (coelomic epithelium), underlying mesenchyme, and primoridal germ cells

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14
Q

Describe the migration of gametes during the early indifferent stage of sexual development.

A

Gametes migrate from the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) into the genital (gonadal) ridge

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15
Q

The primordial germ cells undergo what genetic events during migration?

A

Mitoses

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16
Q

In the male the cortical cords form what structures?

A

Seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti (straight tubules), and rete testis; and serve as precursors of the sustentacular cells of Sertoli

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17
Q

In the male and female, what cells migrate into the cortical cords?

A

Primordial germ cells migrate from the umbilical vesicle

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18
Q

What do the interstitial cells of Leydig develop from?

A

Mesenchyme

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19
Q

The sustentacular cells of Sertoli are responsible for what in regards to development?

A

Under the influence of hCG, Sertoli cells produce anti-mullerian hormone - suppresses the development of paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

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20
Q

Oogonia undergo what genetic process?

A

Mitosis, to produce numerous oogonia

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21
Q

Leydig cells produce what?

A

Androgenic hormones (testosterone and androstenedione)

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22
Q

The cells form primordial follicles?

A

Follicular cells and oogonia

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23
Q

How do we get primary oocytes?

A

Oogonia, under the influence of meiosis-stimulating factor, enter prophase I of meiosis and become primary oocytes

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24
Q

What happens to the oocytes during ovulation?

A

Primary oocyte continues with meiosis, becoming a secondary oocyte in metaphase II of meiosis until fertilization

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25
Q

What stage are primary oocytes arrested in?

A

Prophase I until ovulation

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26
Q

What stage are secondary oocytes arrested in?

A

Metaphase II until fertilization

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27
Q

The indifferent sexual duct system consists of what two duct structures?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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28
Q

What happens to the caudal end of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

Fuse and terminate on the urogenital sinus between the ends of the mesonephric ducts as the uterovaginal primordium

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29
Q

How is the uterovaginal primordium formed?

A

The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts fuse and terminate on the urogenital sinus

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30
Q

In males, the anti-mullerian hormone causes what?

A

Paramesonephric mullerian ducts to degenerate, leaving only the the prostatic utricle

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31
Q

What cells produce testosterone in a male fetus?

A

Cells of Leydig

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32
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the male fetus/development?

A

Causes the mesonephric duct to become the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct

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33
Q

Under the influence of testosterone, the mesonephric duct forms what?

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct

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34
Q

How do the seminal vesicles develop?

A

As an outgrowth of the ductus deferens

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35
Q

The part of the mesonephric duct (ductus deferens) between the duct of the seminal vesicle and urethra becomes what?

A

Ejaculatory duct

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36
Q

What does the prostate gland develop from?

A

Epithelial outgrowth of the pelvic portion of the urogenital sinus

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37
Q

Bulbourethral glands develop from what?

A

Epithelial outgrowth of the spongy urethra (derived from the phallic portion of the urogenital sinus)

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38
Q

How does the absence of anti-mullerian hormone effect development?

A

Allows the paramesonephric duct to develop into the uterine tubes and uterus

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39
Q

What forms the sinus tubercle?

A

The uterovaginal primordium projecting into the dorsal wall of the urogenital sinus

40
Q

The uterine tubes develop from what?

A

Cephalic, un-fused portion of the paramesonephric duct

41
Q

What does the uterus develop from?

A

The caudal, fused portion of the paramesonephric duct

42
Q

How is the vagina developed?

A

Upper 1/3 from the paramesonephric duct; lower 2/3 from urogenital sinus

43
Q

The bulbourethral glands in the male are homologous to what female structures?

A

Greater vestibular glands

44
Q

The greater vestibular glands in the female are homologous to what male structure?

A

Bulbourethral glands

45
Q

What happens to the mesonephric ducts in a female?

A

Regress due to lack of testosterone (but may be found outside the uterus and vagina as Gartner’s duct)

46
Q

Gartner’s ducts are found in a phenotypically normal female. These ducts are remnants of what?

A

The mesonephric duct

47
Q

The paramesonephric duct gives rise to what structures?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 of vagina

48
Q

What are signs and symptoms of paramesonephric duct agenesis?

A

Complete/partial absence of uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina; normal secondary sex characteristics, ovaries are intact and ovulation usually occurs without menstrual cycle (primary amenorrhea)

49
Q

How could a double uterus or double vagina form?

A

Paramesonephric duct fails to fuse and each develops into a separate uterus

50
Q

How does a uterine septum form?

A

Incomplete resorption of tissue in developing uterus

51
Q

Absence of uterus and vagina is due to what development defect?

A

Failure of uterovaginal primoridum to form, and to induce formation of the sinus tubercle

52
Q

The trans-abdominal descent refers to what?

A

Testes descends to the deep inguinal ring due to differential growth

53
Q

What is responsible for the movement through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum?

A

Testosterone

54
Q

What is the trans-inguinal descent?

A

Movement of the testes through the inguinal canal and into the scrotum

55
Q

The gubernaculum of the testes connects what two structures?

A

The caudal pole of the testes to the labioscrotal fold

56
Q

The process vaginalis forms what in the male?

A

Tunica vaginalis

57
Q

In the female, the gubernaculum develops into what?

A

Ligament of the ovary and the round ligament of the uterus

58
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended testes

59
Q

Cryptorchidism results in what? And can increase risk of what?

A

Results in sterility and a higher incidence of cancer if present in the abdominal cavity

60
Q

How does an ectopic testis develop?

A

Because of an abdominal location of the gubernaculum, other than the labioscrotal fold

61
Q

How does a congenital inguinal hernia develop?

A

Results when peritoneal canal fails to close (persistent vaginal process)

62
Q

What structure forms the efferent ductules?

A

The mesonephric ductules

63
Q

The genital tubercle develops into what?

A

The phallus

64
Q

What does the phallus develop from?

A

From the genital tubercle

65
Q

The urorectal septum divdies the cloacal membrane into what?

A

Dorsal anal membrane and ventral urogenital membrane

66
Q

What divides the cloacal membrane into a dorsal epithelial plug and a ventral urogenital membrane?

A

Urorectal septum

67
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5alpha-reductase

68
Q

How does the phallus become the penis?

A

Masculinization due to dihydrotestosterone effects on the phallus

69
Q

Urogenital folds (urethral folds) fuse to form what?

A

Spongy urethra

70
Q

What forms the spongy urethra?

A

Urogenital folds (or urethral folds) fusing

71
Q

What is the penile raphe?

A

Linfe of fusion of the surface ectoderm on the ventral surface of the penis

72
Q

The corpora cavernosa penis develops from what?

A

Mesenchyme of phallus

73
Q

Corpus spongiosum penis develops from what?

A

Mesenchyme of phallus

74
Q

What forms the scrotum?

A

Labioscrotal swellings

75
Q

Male pseudohermaphrodite has what genotype?

A

46, XY DSD

76
Q

Male pseudohermaphrodite may be due to what?

A

Inadequate amount of testosterone or Mullerian inhibiting substance

77
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Male urethra opens on the ventral (perineal) surface of the penis

78
Q

Hypospadias is due to failure of what?

A

Failure in fusion of the urogenital folds; or failure of epithelial cord to join with the spongy urethra

79
Q

What is epispadias?

A

Male urethra opens on the dorsal surface of the penis

80
Q

Epispadias is associated with what other abnormality?

A

Exstrophy of the bladder

81
Q

In a female, the phallus becomes what?

A

Clitoris

82
Q

Feminization of the external genitalia in a female fetus is a result of what?

A

Estrogens produced by the placenta and maternal ovaries and lack of testosterone

83
Q

In the female, the urogenital folds become what?

A

The labia minora

84
Q

What are the labia minor formed from?

A

Urogenital folds (they do not fuse)

85
Q

What form the labia majora?

A

Labioscrotal swellings

86
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia can result in female pseudohermaphrodite, what is the genotype?

A

46, XX

87
Q

In female pseudohermaphrodites, what is the “sex” of the internal organs?

A

Typcially female

88
Q

What happens to a 46,XX individual with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Fetal adrenal glands produce excessive androgenic hormones, resulting in masculinization of the external genitalia; internal organs remain female typically

89
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome appears in individuals with what genotype?

A

46, XY

90
Q

In androgen insensitivity syndrome, what is defective?

A

Androgen receptors due to point mutation

91
Q

What is the phenotype of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Normal female external phenotype, but possess internal testes

92
Q

The genital ridge forms what homologous derivatives?

A

Male: testis; female: ovary

93
Q

The indifferent structure, the sex cords, produce what homologous derivatives?

A

Male: seminiferous tubules; female: follicular cells

94
Q

The genital tubercle produces what homologous derivatives?

A

Male: penis; female: clitoris

95
Q

The urogenital folds produce what homologous structures?

A

Male: floor of penile urethra; female: labia minora

96
Q

The genital swellings produce what homologous structures?

A

Male: scrotum; female: labia majora

HRM Final Exam (21 decks)

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