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HRM Final Exam > Hellekant - Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Hellekant - Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Compared to oogenesis, what is a big difference with spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis occurs throughout life - both mitosis and meiosis occur through adult life

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2
Q

What is the ploidy, chromosome, DNA copy and chromatid numbers of spermatogonium?

A

2N, 46 chromosomes; 2C DNA, and 46 chromatids

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3
Q

What process is entered by spermatogonium?

A

Spermatocytogenesis (mitosis)

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4
Q

What is the ploidy of the primary spermatocyte?

A

Diploid - 2N

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5
Q

What is the number of chromosomes in a primary spermatocyte?

A

46 chromosomes

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6
Q

How many DNA copies does a primary spermatocyte have? Chromatids?

A

4 copies, 2x46 chromatids

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7
Q

What process does a primary spermatocyte enter?

A

Meoisis I

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8
Q

How may secondary spermatocytes are made from a primary spermatocyte?

A

Two

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9
Q

What is the ploidy of a secondary spermatocyte?

A

Haploid (N)

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10
Q

How many chromosomes does a secondary spermatocyte have?

A

23

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11
Q

How many copies of DNA does a secondary spermatocyte have?

A

2 copies

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12
Q

How many chromatids does a secondary spermatocyte have?

A

2x23 chromatids

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13
Q

What process does a secondary spermatocyte enter?

A

Meiosis II

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14
Q

How many spermatids are produced from the two spermatocytes?

A

Four

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15
Q

What is the ploidy of the spermatids?

A

Haploid

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16
Q

How many chromosomes does the spermatid have?

A

23 chromosomes

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17
Q

How many copies of DNA does a spermatid have?

A

One copy

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18
Q

How many chromatids does does a spermatid have?

A

23

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19
Q

In regards to the seminiferous tubules, where are Sertoli cells found? Germ cells? Leydig cells?

A

Sertoli and germ cells reside within the seminiferous tubules; Leydig cells reside outside the tubule

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20
Q

In regards to sertoli cells, where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Between the sertoli cells

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21
Q

What is a spermatogenic wave?

A

Time it takes for the reappearance of the same stage within a given segment of the seminiferous tubule

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22
Q

How long is mitosis of spermatogonia?

A

16 days

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23
Q

How long is the first meiosis in spermatogenesis? Second meiosis?

A

24 days; second meiosis few hours

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24
Q

How long does spermiogenesis take?

A

24 days

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25
How long is the approximate cycle of spermatogenesis?
64 days
26
In sperm production, what cells are most sensitive to drugs or environmental conditions?
Spermatocytes
27
What cells secrete inhibin? What is the action of inhibin?
Sertoli cell; inhibin has negative feedback on FSH
28
What cells phagocytize defective sperm?
Sertoli cells
29
What are the targets of testosterone?
Muscle, seminal vesicle, epididymis, bone
30
What tissues produce 5 alpha reductase?
Prostate, external genitalia, skin
31
What cells produce 95% of testosterone in men?
Leydig cells
32
As men age, what happens to testosterone levels?
Total and free testosterone levels decrease
33
Low testosterone levels in men result in what physical exam findings?
Increased abdominal fat, lower muscle mass
34
Where is sex hormone binding globulin made?
Live, also in Sertoli cells (called androgen binding globulin)
35
Testicular androgens are retained locally at high levels, how? What effect does this have?
Androgen binding protein maintain high levels; important/required for spermatogenesis
36
Testicular androgen secretion require an intact pulsatile hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, how does this differ from administration of exogenous androgens?
Administration of exogenous androgens promote suppression of the gonadal axis
37
What anabolic effects do androgens have?
Muscle building, bone growth and closure of epiphysis, sodium and water retention
38
Normal production of androgens promotes the health and function of what? (Name 6)
Prostate, lower voice, external genitalia, genital tract, hair growth patterns, seminal vesicle
39
Utilization of exogenous androgens has what androgenic effect?
Shuts down the gonadal axis
40
Exogenous androgens shut down the gonadal axis, what effect does this have on the hypothalamic-gonad axis?
Hypogonadism (low androgen production), hypopituitary function, antifertility (endogenous testosterone is shut down; sperm count decreases)
41
What anabolic effects are seen in exogenous androgen analogs?
Muscle building - promotes protein synthesis in muscles (counters glucocorticoid effects)
42
What type of androgen ratio is preferred for anemia, osteoporosis, protein loss following trauma, surgery or prolonged immobilization?
High anabolic: androgenic ratio
43
What is methyl testosterone?
Testosterone analog with c17 alkyl substitution
44
What is oxandrolone?
DHT derivative; cannot be converted by aromatase
45
Androgen therapy increases risk for what cancer?
Hepatic carcinoma
46
If the goal is to shut down hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, what drugs should be used?
GnRH agonists/antagonists
47
If the goal is to reduce androgen receptor signaling in the prostate, what drugs are used?
Androgen receptor antagonists, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, or GnRH antagonists
48
What durg is used to reduce excessive sexual drive in men?
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
49
What is medroxyprogesterone acetate used for?
Androgen antagonist in men; used to reduce excessive sexual drive in men
50
What is bicalutamide?
Nonsteroid, pure androgen receptor antagonist
51
What is flutamide?
Nonsteroid, pure androgen receptor antagonist
52
What is Nilutamide?
Nonsteroid, pure androgen receptor antagonist
53
What are bicalutamide, flutamide, or Nilutamide used for?
Advanced prostate cancer
54
What are the SEs of bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide?
Gynecomastia, hepatotoxicity
55
What is the typical scenario using bicalutamide?
Add GnRH agonist (or orchidectomy)
56
What is Gonadorelin?
GnRH agonist
57
What is gonadorelin used for?
Functional assessment of gonadal response; male infertility (improves sperm number)
58
What is Leuprolide?
GnRH agonist used in men
59
What is Leuprolide used for?
Castration for cancer; gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty
60
What is Degarelix?
GnRH antagonist
61
What is Degarelix used for?
Advanced prostate cancer; male chemical castration; BPH,
62
What is the MOA of finasteride?
5 alpha reductase inhibitors; inhibit conversion of testosterone to DHT
63
What hormone is important in the growth and maintenance of the prostate gland?
DHT - dihyrdotestosterone
64
What is finasteride used for?
BPH, prostate CA, male patterned baldness
65
What is the MOA of dutasteride?
5 alpha reductase inhibitor - inhibits conversion of testosterone to DHT
66
In an erection, what causes the production of nitric oxide?
Parasympathetic stimulation
67
What are the effects of nitric oxide in the penis?
NO increases intracellular cGMP, cGMP promotes vasodilation, which causes penile engorgement
68
What is the function of phosphodiesterase 5?
Degrades cGMP, therefore decreases vasodilation in the penis (lose erection)
69
What drugs inhibit phosphodiesterase 5?
Sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil
70
What is the MOA of sildenafil?
PDE 5 inhibitor
71
What are the SEs to PDE-5 inhibitors?
HA, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion
72
What drug class can be used for hair follicle growth?
5 alpha reductase inhibitors

HRM Final Exam (21 decks)

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