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Anatomy > Urinary System Development > Flashcards

Urinary System Development Flashcards

1
Q

What component between the somite and the lateral plate mesoderm is the urinary and reproductive system derived from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What induces the kidney-forming ability of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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3
Q

During proneohros, Cells of the intermediate mesoderm and cervical region give rise to what two layers with what in between them?

A

Inner visceral layer and outer parietal layer with nephrocele between them

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4
Q

How do the pronephric tubules form?

A

Nephrotomes grow out from parietal (dorsal) wall

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5
Q

The distal ends of the pronephric tubules grows and extends laterally then moves caudally fusing together to form what?

A

Pronephric duct

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6
Q

How do the first glomeruli start to form in the pronephros stage?

A

Starts as tufts of capillaries branching from the dorsal aorta. The tufts push and invaginate into wall of the pronephric tubule to form internal glomeruli

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7
Q

Around the post-somite stage of development, a column of tissue grows called the what?

A

Urogenital ridge

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8
Q

In what stage do the renal corpuscles form?

A

Mesonephros

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9
Q

What two structures give rise to the metanephros excretory organ?

A

Outgrowth of the Mesonephric duct called the ureteric bud
Region of urinary ridge called metanephric mass or blastema

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10
Q

How is the renal pelvis formed?

A

Widening of the ureteric bud

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11
Q

What part of the kidney is marked by renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

Cortex

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12
Q

What part of the kidney is marked by loops of henle and collecting ducts?

A

The medulla

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13
Q

What are the 5 components of the outer stripe of outer medulla?

A

Proximal straight tubules, thin tubules of loop of henle or renal loop, distal straight tubules, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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14
Q

What are the 4 components of the inner stripe of outer medulla?

A

Thin tubules of renal loop, distal straight tubules, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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15
Q

What are the three components of the inner medulla zone?

A

Collecting ducts, thin tubules of renal loop, vasa recta

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16
Q

What grows towards the cloacal membrane dividing the cloaca into rectum and Urogenital sinus?

A

Urorectal septum

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17
Q

What develops from the pelvic region of Urogenital sinus following cloacal partitioning?

A

The bladder

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18
Q

What does the distal end of the allantois relative to the bladder form?

A

Urachus

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19
Q

In the male, as the bladder grows, it incorporates the terminal parts of what two ducts?

A

Mesonephric and ureteric

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20
Q

What region of the bladder is triangular in the dorsal wall of the bladder marks the region of the region of the Mesonephric duct and ureteric bud incorporation?

A

Trigone

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21
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

It is the complete absence of one or both kidneys and can be associated with absence of ureter
Unilateral most common form in pigs

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22
Q

How does renal agenesis form?

A

Results from a failure of the development of one or both ureteric buds

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23
Q

What is renal hypoplasia?

A

Substantially small kidneys due to immature glomeruli and tubules

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24
Q

What are two types of migration defects of kidneys and which one is more common?

A

Ectopic kidney (most common) and crossed ectopia

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25
Q

What is ectopic kidney?

A

A kidney is left in the pelvic cavity

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26
Q

What is crossed ectopia?

A

One kidney and it’s associated ureter on the same side as the other kidney

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27
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

Kidneys become fused at inferior poles

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28
Q

What is a polycystic kidney?

A

Multiple cysts form in the kidney making the organs grossly enlarged

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29
Q

How does a polycystic kidney develop?

A

It is the result of the failure of developing nephrons to connect with their collecting ducts (accumulation of urine within the nephrons that are isolated from the collecting ducts)

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30
Q

What is an ectopic ureter?

A

Results from the improper development of the metanephric duct systems. Females are more affected than males

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31
Q

What is urachal remnants?

A

Congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete urachal closure (patent urachus)

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32
Q

What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of mammary glands, hypothalamus, pituitary, penis and clitoris?

A

Ectoderm

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33
Q

What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of male and female gonads, uterus, cervix, part of vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, and accessory sex glands?

A

Mesoderm

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34
Q

What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of digestive system, respiratory system, most glands, and portions of the vagina and vestibule

A

Endoderm

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35
Q

What is the initial step in sex determination in mammals?

A

Begins with fertilization by sperm

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36
Q

During formation of mesoderm and endoderm, a population of epiblast cells are put aside for formation of what?

A

The germ line

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37
Q

What are displaced from the embryonic disk to the definitive yolk sac and part of the allantois?

A

Primordial germ cells (PGCs)

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38
Q

What is the gonadal ridge also known as? Why?

A

Bipotential gonad because capable of developing into either ovary or testes

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39
Q

What happens when primordial germ cells arrive in the gonadal ridge?

A

Stimulates cells around them to proliferate causing ridge elongation

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40
Q

What are the 3 origins of gonadal (genital) ridge cells?

A

Local mesenchymal cells
Coelomic epithelium
Cells from mesonephric tubules

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41
Q

Cells from degenerating mesonephric tubules form compact strands of tissue called what?

A

Primitive sex cords

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42
Q

Primitive sex cords incorporate with what?

A

Primordial germ cells

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43
Q

As the mesonephric duct is developing, what appears beside it?

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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44
Q

In what species are males heterogametic and females homogametic?

A

Mammals

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45
Q

What species have environmental sex determination?

A

Reptiles like crocodiles and lizards, many turtles, some fish, and a few snakes

46
Q

What is stimulated when the SRY protein is produced by the primitive sex cords within the primitive gonad?

A

Male reproductive system

47
Q

When the gonads produce sex-specific hormones, it leads to the development of what 3 things?

A

Internal genitalia
Secondary sex characteristics
External genitalia

48
Q

What do you call sex cords when they become epithelial in nature?

A

Epithelial cords

49
Q

What do primitive sex cords proliferate into?

A

Seminiferous cords

50
Q

Mesenchymal cells between seminiferous cords develop into what?

A

Leydig or interstitial cells

51
Q

What do sex cords proliferate into?

A

Seminiferous cords that are solid tubules containing germ cells

52
Q

How are Sertoli cells developed?

A

Tubules of seminiferous cords contain a peripheral layer of about 15-20 mesonephric derived cells that will be become Sertoli cells

53
Q

What do the Sertoli cells surround?

A

A central core of about 4 pre-spermatogonia

54
Q

Connective tissue from what cells form a septa to divide the testis into a number of lobules?

A

Mesenchymal cells

55
Q

At puberty, what do the seminiferous cords become?

A

Seminiferous tubules

56
Q

At puberty, what does the mesonephric duct develop into?

A

The epididymis and ductus deferens

57
Q

What are efferent ducts, epididymis, and ductus deferens all apart of? And what does it do?

A

Excurrent extragonadal duct system, carries sperm to the urethra

58
Q

What species all have a prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and ampulla ductus deferentis?

A

Bull, ram, boar, stallion, and lab animals

59
Q

What is the only accessory sex gland that the dog has?

A

A prostate gland

60
Q

What accessory sex gland do cats lack?

A

Seminal vesicles

61
Q

What does the seminal vesicles and ampullae ductus deferentis develop from?

A

Epithelial evaginations from mesonephric duct

62
Q

What does the prostate and bulbourethral glands develop from?

A

Epithelial evaginations from the Urogenital sinus

63
Q

Decent of the testis into the scrotum requires rapid growth and then rapid regression of what ligamentous structure?

A

The gubernaculum

64
Q

Testis decent involves what two layers of peritoneum?

A

Visceral vaginal tunic and parietal vaginal tunic

65
Q

What are the two stages of testes decent?

A

Transabdominal phase and inguinal-scrotal phase

66
Q

What does the inner visceral vaginal tunic cover?

A

Testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord

67
Q

What is the space between the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics called?

A

Vaginal cavity

68
Q

What do you call the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum? Do they produce testosterone? Does spermatogenesis still occur?

A

Cryptorchidism, testosterone is still produced, but spermatogenesis does not occur

69
Q

What drives the development of male external genitalia?

A

Androgens, particularly dihydrotestosterone

70
Q

What does dihydrotestosterone do to the genital tubercle?

A

Elongates into the phallus

71
Q

Urogenital folds form lateral plate boundaries of the urethral plate within which an epithelial cord known as what will develop?

A

Urethral groove

72
Q

Urogenital folds fuse enclosing the urethral groove to create what?

A

Penile urethra

73
Q

What is it called when there is failure of the urethral groove to close, and urethra opens at the ventral surface rather than at the tip?

A

Hypospadias

74
Q

What happens when the SRY genes is not expressed?

A

Female gonad development and inhibit genes associated with male gonad development, primary sex cords degenerate

75
Q

How are ovarian cords formed?

A

Epithelial cells break away from surface and surround PGCs

76
Q

PGCs in developing ovary undergo ____ to form oogonia which will enter _____?

A

Mitosis, meiosis

77
Q

What do ovigerous cord cells differentiate into?

A

Primitive follicular cells which form primordial follicles

78
Q

What happens upon the disappearance of the ovigerous cords?

A

Defined cortical and non-germinal medullary region form

79
Q

What enlarges greatly with an opening that will be a future infundibulum?

A

Paramesonephric duct

80
Q

When do follicles start to grow in large domestic animals?

A

During the second half of fetal life

81
Q

Where are follicles confined to?

A

Cortex of the ovary

82
Q

In what species are the follicles randomly distributed in the cortex?

A

Cattle, sheep, pig

83
Q

In what species do the follicles occur in clusters in the cortex?

A

Dogs and cats

84
Q

In what species is the development of follicles confined to a more central region while non-follicular region is in the periphery of the ovary?

A

Horses

85
Q

In horses, a portion of the ovary become concave, what is this area called?

A

Ovulation fossa

86
Q

What ligaments maintain the final position of the ovaries?

A

Suspensory ligament if ovary
Proper ligament of ovary

87
Q

In what species are the ovaries in the sub-lumbar region caudal to the kidneys?

A

Dogs and cats

88
Q

In what species do the ovaries occupy a region between the kidney and pelvic inlet?

A

Horses

89
Q

In what species are the ovaries close to the pelvic inlet?

A

Pigs and cattle

90
Q

What does the caudal end of the Paramesonephric duct interact with?

A

Urogenital sinus

91
Q

What species have a duplex uterus?

A

Marsupials and rabbits

92
Q

What species have a bicornuate uterus (poorly to moderately developed uterine horns)?

A

Cattle and horses

93
Q

What species have a bicornuate uterus with highly developed uterine horns?

A

Dogs, cats, and pigs

94
Q

What species have a simplex uterus?

A

Primates

95
Q

A small bud evaginates from the caudal part of the Urogenital sinus to fuse with the caudal tip of what?

A

The fused Paramesonephric ducts

96
Q

In females, what originates from the invagination of the Urogenital sinus?

A

Vestibule

97
Q

The cranial portion of the vagina, cervix, and uterus originate from what?

A

Paramesonephric ducts that are from mesoderm

98
Q

The caudal portion of the vagina and vestibule originate from what?

A

Endoderm that is part of the Urogenital sinus

99
Q

What do epithelial buds from primitive urethra and Urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

Urethral and vestibular glands

100
Q

What are the female homologues of the male prostate and bulbourethral glands?

A

Urethral and vestibular glands

101
Q

What is the supportive tissue called that surrounds the uterus?

A

Broad ligament

102
Q

Caudal fusion of the Paramesonephric ducts and gonadal ridges produces what?

A

Body of the uterus, cervix and cranial part of the vagina

103
Q

What does the broad ligament come from?

A

Two layers of peritoneum called the genital fold

104
Q

Cloacal folds fuse ventrally to form what?

A

Genital tubercle

105
Q

What does mesoderm that is lateral to the Urogenital folds create via elevation?

A

Labio-scrotal or genital swellings

106
Q

What gives rise to the clitoris?

A

Genital tubercle

107
Q

What is the primary inducer of female external genitalia?

A

Estrogens

108
Q

In females, there are two ventral epidermal thickenings that extend from the axillary region to the inguinal region called what?

A

Mammary ridges

109
Q

At what time frame is a proper duct and alveolar system being constructed in females?

A

Puberty to pregnancy

110
Q

What pen does the final alveolar development in the dam take place?

A

During the last trimester of pregnancy

111
Q

What is turner’s syndrome?

A

Chromosomal defect in which there is only one X chromosome (XO)

112
Q

What is Klinefelters syndrome?

A

Chromosomal defect in which they have 2 X and one Y chromosome (XXY) results in production of both male and female parts

Anatomy (5 decks)

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