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Urinary System Development Flashcards

1
Q

What component between the somite and the lateral plate mesoderm is the urinary and reproductive system derived from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

What induces the kidney-forming ability of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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3
Q

During proneohros, Cells of the intermediate mesoderm and cervical region give rise to what two layers with what in between them?

A

Inner visceral layer and outer parietal layer with nephrocele between them

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4
Q

How do the pronephric tubules form?

A

Nephrotomes grow out from parietal (dorsal) wall

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5
Q

The distal ends of the pronephric tubules grows and extends laterally then moves caudally fusing together to form what?

A

Pronephric duct

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6
Q

How do the first glomeruli start to form in the pronephros stage?

A

Starts as tufts of capillaries branching from the dorsal aorta. The tufts push and invaginate into wall of the pronephric tubule to form internal glomeruli

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7
Q

Around the post-somite stage of development, a column of tissue grows called the what?

A

Urogenital ridge

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8
Q

In what stage do the renal corpuscles form?

A

Mesonephros

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9
Q

What two structures give rise to the metanephros excretory organ?

A

Outgrowth of the Mesonephric duct called the ureteric bud
Region of urinary ridge called metanephric mass or blastema

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10
Q

How is the renal pelvis formed?

A

Widening of the ureteric bud

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11
Q

What part of the kidney is marked by renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules?

A

Cortex

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12
Q

What part of the kidney is marked by loops of henle and collecting ducts?

A

The medulla

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13
Q

What are the 5 components of the outer stripe of outer medulla?

A

Proximal straight tubules, thin tubules of loop of henle or renal loop, distal straight tubules, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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14
Q

What are the 4 components of the inner stripe of outer medulla?

A

Thin tubules of renal loop, distal straight tubules, collecting ducts, vasa recta

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15
Q

What are the three components of the inner medulla zone?

A

Collecting ducts, thin tubules of renal loop, vasa recta

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16
Q

What grows towards the cloacal membrane dividing the cloaca into rectum and Urogenital sinus?

A

Urorectal septum

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17
Q

What develops from the pelvic region of Urogenital sinus following cloacal partitioning?

A

The bladder

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18
Q

What does the distal end of the allantois relative to the bladder form?

A

Urachus

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19
Q

In the male, as the bladder grows, it incorporates the terminal parts of what two ducts?

A

Mesonephric and ureteric

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20
Q

What region of the bladder is triangular in the dorsal wall of the bladder marks the region of the region of the Mesonephric duct and ureteric bud incorporation?

A

Trigone

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21
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

It is the complete absence of one or both kidneys and can be associated with absence of ureter
Unilateral most common form in pigs

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22
Q

How does renal agenesis form?

A

Results from a failure of the development of one or both ureteric buds

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23
Q

What is renal hypoplasia?

A

Substantially small kidneys due to immature glomeruli and tubules

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24
Q

What are two types of migration defects of kidneys and which one is more common?

A

Ectopic kidney (most common) and crossed ectopia

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25
What is ectopic kidney?
A kidney is left in the pelvic cavity
26
What is crossed ectopia?
One kidney and it’s associated ureter on the same side as the other kidney
27
What is a horseshoe kidney?
Kidneys become fused at inferior poles
28
What is a polycystic kidney?
Multiple cysts form in the kidney making the organs grossly enlarged
29
How does a polycystic kidney develop?
It is the result of the failure of developing nephrons to connect with their collecting ducts (accumulation of urine within the nephrons that are isolated from the collecting ducts)
30
What is an ectopic ureter?
Results from the improper development of the metanephric duct systems. Females are more affected than males
31
What is urachal remnants?
Congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete urachal closure (patent urachus)
32
What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of mammary glands, hypothalamus, pituitary, penis and clitoris?
Ectoderm
33
What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of male and female gonads, uterus, cervix, part of vagina, epididymis, ductus deferens, and accessory sex glands?
Mesoderm
34
What embryonic germ layer is the embryonic origin of digestive system, respiratory system, most glands, and portions of the vagina and vestibule
Endoderm
35
What is the initial step in sex determination in mammals?
Begins with fertilization by sperm
36
During formation of mesoderm and endoderm, a population of epiblast cells are put aside for formation of what?
The germ line
37
What are displaced from the embryonic disk to the definitive yolk sac and part of the allantois?
Primordial germ cells (PGCs)
38
What is the gonadal ridge also known as? Why?
Bipotential gonad because capable of developing into either ovary or testes
39
What happens when primordial germ cells arrive in the gonadal ridge?
Stimulates cells around them to proliferate causing ridge elongation
40
What are the 3 origins of gonadal (genital) ridge cells?
Local mesenchymal cells Coelomic epithelium Cells from mesonephric tubules
41
Cells from degenerating mesonephric tubules form compact strands of tissue called what?
Primitive sex cords
42
Primitive sex cords incorporate with what?
Primordial germ cells
43
As the mesonephric duct is developing, what appears beside it?
Paramesonephric ducts
44
In what species are males heterogametic and females homogametic?
Mammals
45
What species have environmental sex determination?
Reptiles like crocodiles and lizards, many turtles, some fish, and a few snakes
46
What is stimulated when the SRY protein is produced by the primitive sex cords within the primitive gonad?
Male reproductive system
47
When the gonads produce sex-specific hormones, it leads to the development of what 3 things?
Internal genitalia Secondary sex characteristics External genitalia
48
What do you call sex cords when they become epithelial in nature?
Epithelial cords
49
What do primitive sex cords proliferate into?
Seminiferous cords
50
Mesenchymal cells between seminiferous cords develop into what?
Leydig or interstitial cells
51
What do sex cords proliferate into?
Seminiferous cords that are solid tubules containing germ cells
52
How are Sertoli cells developed?
Tubules of seminiferous cords contain a peripheral layer of about 15-20 mesonephric derived cells that will be become Sertoli cells
53
What do the Sertoli cells surround?
A central core of about 4 pre-spermatogonia
54
Connective tissue from what cells form a septa to divide the testis into a number of lobules?
Mesenchymal cells
55
At puberty, what do the seminiferous cords become?
Seminiferous tubules
56
At puberty, what does the mesonephric duct develop into?
The epididymis and ductus deferens
57
What are efferent ducts, epididymis, and ductus deferens all apart of? And what does it do?
Excurrent extragonadal duct system, carries sperm to the urethra
58
What species all have a prostate, bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and ampulla ductus deferentis?
Bull, ram, boar, stallion, and lab animals
59
What is the only accessory sex gland that the dog has?
A prostate gland
60
What accessory sex gland do cats lack?
Seminal vesicles
61
What does the seminal vesicles and ampullae ductus deferentis develop from?
Epithelial evaginations from mesonephric duct
62
What does the prostate and bulbourethral glands develop from?
Epithelial evaginations from the Urogenital sinus
63
Decent of the testis into the scrotum requires rapid growth and then rapid regression of what ligamentous structure?
The gubernaculum
64
Testis decent involves what two layers of peritoneum?
Visceral vaginal tunic and parietal vaginal tunic
65
What are the two stages of testes decent?
Transabdominal phase and inguinal-scrotal phase
66
What does the inner visceral vaginal tunic cover?
Testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord
67
What is the space between the visceral and parietal vaginal tunics called?
Vaginal cavity
68
What do you call the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum? Do they produce testosterone? Does spermatogenesis still occur?
Cryptorchidism, testosterone is still produced, but spermatogenesis does not occur
69
What drives the development of male external genitalia?
Androgens, particularly dihydrotestosterone
70
What does dihydrotestosterone do to the genital tubercle?
Elongates into the phallus
71
Urogenital folds form lateral plate boundaries of the urethral plate within which an epithelial cord known as what will develop?
Urethral groove
72
Urogenital folds fuse enclosing the urethral groove to create what?
Penile urethra
73
What is it called when there is failure of the urethral groove to close, and urethra opens at the ventral surface rather than at the tip?
Hypospadias
74
What happens when the SRY genes is not expressed?
Female gonad development and inhibit genes associated with male gonad development, primary sex cords degenerate
75
How are ovarian cords formed?
Epithelial cells break away from surface and surround PGCs
76
PGCs in developing ovary undergo ____ to form oogonia which will enter _____?
Mitosis, meiosis
77
What do ovigerous cord cells differentiate into?
Primitive follicular cells which form primordial follicles
78
What happens upon the disappearance of the ovigerous cords?
Defined cortical and non-germinal medullary region form
79
What enlarges greatly with an opening that will be a future infundibulum?
Paramesonephric duct
80
When do follicles start to grow in large domestic animals?
During the second half of fetal life
81
Where are follicles confined to?
Cortex of the ovary
82
In what species are the follicles randomly distributed in the cortex?
Cattle, sheep, pig
83
In what species do the follicles occur in clusters in the cortex?
Dogs and cats
84
In what species is the development of follicles confined to a more central region while non-follicular region is in the periphery of the ovary?
Horses
85
In horses, a portion of the ovary become concave, what is this area called?
Ovulation fossa
86
What ligaments maintain the final position of the ovaries?
Suspensory ligament if ovary Proper ligament of ovary
87
In what species are the ovaries in the sub-lumbar region caudal to the kidneys?
Dogs and cats
88
In what species do the ovaries occupy a region between the kidney and pelvic inlet?
Horses
89
In what species are the ovaries close to the pelvic inlet?
Pigs and cattle
90
What does the caudal end of the Paramesonephric duct interact with?
Urogenital sinus
91
What species have a duplex uterus?
Marsupials and rabbits
92
What species have a bicornuate uterus (poorly to moderately developed uterine horns)?
Cattle and horses
93
What species have a bicornuate uterus with highly developed uterine horns?
Dogs, cats, and pigs
94
What species have a simplex uterus?
Primates
95
A small bud evaginates from the caudal part of the Urogenital sinus to fuse with the caudal tip of what?
The fused Paramesonephric ducts
96
In females, what originates from the invagination of the Urogenital sinus?
Vestibule
97
The cranial portion of the vagina, cervix, and uterus originate from what?
Paramesonephric ducts that are from mesoderm
98
The caudal portion of the vagina and vestibule originate from what?
Endoderm that is part of the Urogenital sinus
99
What do epithelial buds from primitive urethra and Urogenital sinus give rise to?
Urethral and vestibular glands
100
What are the female homologues of the male prostate and bulbourethral glands?
Urethral and vestibular glands
101
What is the supportive tissue called that surrounds the uterus?
Broad ligament
102
Caudal fusion of the Paramesonephric ducts and gonadal ridges produces what?
Body of the uterus, cervix and cranial part of the vagina
103
What does the broad ligament come from?
Two layers of peritoneum called the genital fold
104
Cloacal folds fuse ventrally to form what?
Genital tubercle
105
What does mesoderm that is lateral to the Urogenital folds create via elevation?
Labio-scrotal or genital swellings
106
What gives rise to the clitoris?
Genital tubercle
107
What is the primary inducer of female external genitalia?
Estrogens
108
In females, there are two ventral epidermal thickenings that extend from the axillary region to the inguinal region called what?
Mammary ridges
109
At what time frame is a proper duct and alveolar system being constructed in females?
Puberty to pregnancy
110
What pen does the final alveolar development in the dam take place?
During the last trimester of pregnancy
111
What is turner’s syndrome?
Chromosomal defect in which there is only one X chromosome (XO)
112
What is Klinefelters syndrome?
Chromosomal defect in which they have 2 X and one Y chromosome (XXY) results in production of both male and female parts

Anatomy (5 decks)

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