Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Urinary system and water balance > Flashcards

Urinary system and water balance Flashcards

1
Q

The cleft in the kidney where nerves and blood vessels connect to the kidney is called the:

A

Hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The smallest of the branches off the renal artery, that send blood directly into the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli, are called ___________ arteries

A

Interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The first part of the nephron tubule that collects the filtrate from the glomerulus (and is part of the renal corpuscle) is the:

A

Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In which of the major physiological processes of the kidney are the peritubular capillaries (and vasa recta) playing a major role?

A

reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which type of nephrons are important in producing the most concentrated urine?

A

juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?

A

renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are examples of normal constituents of urine?

A

Na+ urea H+ water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the factors that cause an increased outflow of filtrate from the glomeruli (as compared to other capillary beds elsewhere in the body)

A
  1. High hydrostatic BP present in glomeruli
  2. lots of surface area
  3. permeability - fenestrated capillaries
  4. regulation of GFR (glomerular filtration rate) by JGA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what conveys urine to the bladder

A

ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the smooth muscle contractions that propel urine called

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what prevents back flow in the ureters

A

the bladder filling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“temporary urine storage”

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anatomical features of the bladder

A

smooth, collapsible, muscular - retroperitoneal
very distensible - has rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of epithelium does the bladder have

A

transitional epithelium/ mucosa
thick muscular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the bladder fill

A

from bottom to top, ureters open into the bladder near the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

thin muscular tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of epithelium make up the urethra

A

transitional > columnar > stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

length of urethra in male vs female

A

20cm for males and 3-4 for females (UTI are more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

surrounds urethra - skeletal muscle - voluntary

A

external urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

micturition and voiding also mean

A

urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

inside the bladder/urethra involuntary

A

internal urethral sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

process of urination

A

distention of the bladder > stretch receptors > impulses to sacral spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is the brain does the decision to void happen

A

cerebral cortex - micturition center in pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

volume of plasma cleared of a substance in 1 min

A

renal clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does renal clearance determine

A

GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

max renal clearance

A

~140 ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

maintenance of homeostatic balance of bodily fluids

A

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fluid compartments in the body and where they are

A

intracellular fluid compartment -in the cells
extracellular fluid compartment - surrounding each body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Percentage of intracellular fluid

A

67%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

percentage of extracellular fluid (overall, interstitial fluid, and plasma)

A

Overall 33%
interstitial fluid 80%
plasma 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what separates body fluids into the fluid compartments

A

selectively permeable cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fluids are in constant motion between what three compartments

A

Plasma, interstitial fluid, and tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T or F all dissolved solutes contribute to osmotic activity

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

water moves DOWN its concentration gradient to an area of …

A

greater osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

electrolytes have greater

A

osmotic power (dissociation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Na+ and Cl- are solutes in …

A

extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

K+ and phosphate are solutes in …

A

intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

net water flow is ..

A

the alteration of solute concentration between two compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Main function of the urinary system

A

filters blood to remove toxins, wastes, and excess ions

  1. regulate volume and composition of blood
  2. maintain water and electrolyte balance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where are the kidneys in the body

A

retroperitoneal - in lumbar abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Kidney cleft is called the …. and houses

A

renal hilus
ureters, blood supply, lymphatics, and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

internal regions of the kidneys

A

cortex, medulla, and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

order of blood through the kidneys starting from the aorta (arcuate, interlobular, interlobar, renal, segmental)

A

renal > segmental > interlobar > arcuate > interlobular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Afferent arteriole is … and efferent arteriole is … (which sends blood to the glomerulus

A

Afferent - IN (sends blood to the glomerulus)
Efferent - OUT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

capillary beds are leaky, if not imm - resorbed by blood and lymphatic fluid

A

exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid

46
Q
  1. ions move selectively through plasma membranes
  2. most substances more unidirectionally but water moves freely
  3. plasma links the internal + external environments
A

exchange between interstitial and intracellular fluid

47
Q

what links the external world to the internal world

A

blood plasma

48
Q

what is the most important biological solvent and the main component of all body fluids

A

water

49
Q

what triggers thirst and stimulates ADH release (kidneys produce concentrated urine)

A

Rise in plasma osmolality or drop in volume

50
Q

what inhibits thirst and ADH

A

drop in plasma osmolality

51
Q

Thirst mechanism (in the brain)

A

hypothalamus

52
Q

Plasma proteins, blood cells, ions, nutrients, oxygen and waste products are all components of what

A

Arterial blood entering the kidney

53
Q

amino acids and glucose are classified as

A

nutrients

54
Q

Na+, K+, acids and bases are classified as

A

ions

55
Q

Venous blood leaving the kidney contains what

A

nutrients and small amounts of oxygen

56
Q

blood processing, urine forming, filtration units

A

nephrons

57
Q

ball of capillaries - fenestrated to allow filtrate to pass

A

glomerulus

58
Q

glomerular/bowman’s capsule - proximal tubule - loop of henle - distal tubule

A

renal tubule

59
Q

filtrate is processed through the tubule before contents pass to the …

A

collecting duct

60
Q

what is the correct order (papillary ducts, collecting ducts, calyces)

A

collecting ducts - papillary ducts - calyces

61
Q

two capillary beds of the nephron

A

glomerulus and peritubular

62
Q

produces filtrate and is very high in pressure

A

the glomerulus (fed and drained by arterioles)

63
Q

reclaims filtrate

A

peritubular capillaries

64
Q

what cells sense blood pressure and secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular

65
Q

what tubule cells sense concentration

A

macula densa

66
Q

the glomerulus filtration membrane allows passage of what

A

water and small solutes

67
Q

the glomerulus filtration membrane prevents passage of what

A

plasma proteins and cells

68
Q

capillary pores are also called

A

fenestrations

69
Q

what forces water and other molecules through the glomerular filtration membrane

A

hydrostatic pressure

70
Q

the amount of water we lose a day just to carry away waste/urine/losses through skin and lungs

A

obligatory water loss 500mL+

71
Q

how soon after hydration is ADH inhibited

A

~30 min
kidneys begin to eliminate excess water

72
Q

filtrate (blood plasma minus proteins turns into what

A

urine

73
Q

major processes in urine formation/blood balance

A
  1. glomerular filtration
  2. tubular reabsorption
  3. tubular secretion
74
Q

ADH stands for what

A

antidiuretic hormone

75
Q

what does ADH do

A

causes kidneys to release less water

76
Q

normal glomerular filtration rate

A

~125 mL/min (180L/day)

77
Q

regulation critical of the glomerulus means

A

too slow - waste remains
too fate - substances lost

78
Q

renal autoregulation, neural controls, renin-angiotensin system control what

A

glomerular filtration rate

79
Q

hypotonic hydration

A

over hydration

80
Q

edema

A

swelling; interstitial fluid
caused by increased BP or inflammation

81
Q

what controls water distribution in the body

A

salt; water follows salt

82
Q

does salt exert strong osmotic pressure

A

yes

83
Q

NaCl and NaHCO3 account for how much of all extracellular fluid

A

90-95%

84
Q

essential minerals, exert a greater effect on osmosis, help maintain acid-base balance, carry electrical current are the four general functions of

A

electrolytes

85
Q

internal kidney pressure adjustment

A

renal auto regulation

86
Q

most Na+ in filtrate is reabsorbed to what

A

the blood 90% without influence

87
Q

sodium balance is influenced by

A

aldosterone, ADH, neural controls, and ANP

88
Q

adrenal cortex hormone

A

aldosterone
-causes remaining sodium to be reabsorbed

89
Q

which tubule is more active (proximal or distal)

A

the proximal tubule

90
Q

which tubular turns secretion from peritubular capillaries into filtrate, disposes of drugs and waste, and controls blood pH

A

the proximal tubule

91
Q

regular pH of urine

A

4.5-8 if it is abnormally low there could be a kidney malfunction

92
Q

what part of the brain controls ADH levels

A

hypothalamus (osmoreceptors)

93
Q

ANP stands for what

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

94
Q

what peptide reduces BP, blood volume and inhibits vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and water retention.

A

ANP

95
Q

what do glucocorticoids do

A

raise BP and promote edema

96
Q

salts, acids and bases dissociate in water into

A

electrolytes

97
Q

what is the main intracellular cation

A

potassium

98
Q

if the balance of potassium is off it causes

A

reduced excitability of neurons and muscle
it is also sensitive to pH levels

99
Q

85% of potassium is reabsorbed from filtrate but what happens to the extra

A

it is secreted in urine

100
Q

the balance of what is regulated by the parathyroid glands and calcitonin

A

calcium

101
Q

how much calcium is resorbed to blood

A

98%

102
Q

what element in ECF has to do with clotting, membrane transport, and muscle contraction

A

calcium

103
Q

what electrolyte activates coenzymes in glucose and protein metabolism

A

magnesium

104
Q

ICF pH

A

7.0

105
Q

ECF pH

A

7.3-7.4

106
Q

blood pH is above 7.45

A

alkalosis

107
Q

blood pH is below 7.35

A

acidosis

108
Q

chemical buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and renal mechanisms all regulate blood proton ()

A

H+

109
Q

what do chemical acid-base buffers do to regulate H+

A

binds to H+ when pH drops and releases H+ when pH rises

110
Q

what do respiratory buffers do to regulate H+

A

increases CO2 to activate chemoreceptors and increases respiratory rate

111
Q

what do renal buffers do to regulate H+

A

reabsorbs or excretes bicarbonate ions

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions