Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

1
Q

what are gonads

A

primary sexual organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are sex cells and sex hormones called

A

gametes
male (sperm)
female (eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the scrotum contains what and why

A

testes- to keep them at a lower temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the seminiferous tubules are the production site of what

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interstitial cells in the testes produce what

A

androgen (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what connects the testes to the inside of the body

A

the spermatic cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

duct system of the male anatomy

A

epididymis, vas deferens, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are all () glands of the male anatomy

A

accessory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why must there be a good blood flow in the spermatic cord

A

to transport testosterone throughout the whole body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the components of the spermatic cord

A

nerves, vas deferens, testicular arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the sexual response of a male consists of 2 phases, what are they

A

erection and ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what part of the ANS controls erections

A

the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (excitement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what part of the ANS controls ejaculation

A

the sympathetic autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how many sperm are in ejaculate

A

~100-500 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

excitement> parasympathetic ANS>Nitric oxide vasodilator arterioles > erectile bodies fill with blood :this is the process of what

A

erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

sperm ducts and accessory glands contract and empty into urethra; bladder sphincter constricts; smooth muscle contractions : this is the process of what

A

ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many chromosomes do people have

A

46 diploid(individual) or 23 haploid (pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1st paternal and 2nd maternal are the two components of what

A

a chromosome pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

() carry same genes but not necessarily same form of each gene

A

homologues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

meiosis (reproductive division) only occurs in …

A

gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > end product of two daughter cells: this is the process of what

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

prophase I (crossing over between homologues) > metaphase I > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > two daughter cells > both cells go through prophase II, metaphase II anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis> end product of four daughter cells: this is the process of what

A

meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

male reproductive stem cells that undergo mitosis only

A

spermatogonia (some become primary spermatocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become

A

secondary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become

A

spermatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the maturation of sperm cells called? (including the development of acrosome, flagellum, and the shedding of cytoplasm)

A

spermiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

early spermiogenesis or the meiosis phase of sperm development is called

A

spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

genetic, metabolic, and locomotor are region of the

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the head of the sperm is the genetic region and it contains () and ()

A

the nucleus and acrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the mid piece of the sperm is the metabolic region and it contains ()

A

the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the tail of the sperm is the locomotor region and it contains ()

A

microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes make up the …

A

brain-testicular axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

GnRH is secreted by the…

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

FSH/LH (gonadotropins) is secreted by the …

A

anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what ups testicular response to testosterone

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what stimulates testosterone production

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what facilitates feedback inhibition

A

testosterone and inhibit on GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

spermatogenesis, anabolism, secondary sexual characteristics and behavior all affect …

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

female sex hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Ducts - uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands are all

A

accessory structures to the female reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how long is the human gestation period

A

~40 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is a pre-implantation embryo called

A

zygote (just means a fertilized egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

post-implantation, the first 3-8 weeks

A

embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

identification of 9 weeks - birth

A

fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

connective tissue containing ovarian follicles

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is anchored to the uterus and pelvic wall by ligaments

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what follows ovulation/rupture

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

process of maturation of an egg

A

primordial - primary - secondary - vesicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

a follicle is an

A

oocyte (immature egg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the ovulated secondary oocyte is viable for

A

12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

sperm is viable for

A

24-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

copulation occurs

A

3 days before - 1 day after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

sperm cross the cervix, uterus, then enter the…

A

uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

sperm acrosomal membranes (thin) are called

A

capacitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

sperm pass the corona radiata, then bind to the…

A

zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

acrosomal reaction causes what

A

enzyme release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

one sperm will contact the membrane surface first then what occurs

A

internalization and fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

block to polyspermy - final meiotic division - then function of pronuclei are the events of …

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what event consists of the secondary oocyte completing meiosis 2 - ejection of 2nd polar body and formation of female pronucleus

A

final meiotic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what event consists of egg/sperm nuclei swelling, membranes rupturing, and chromosomes combining

A

fusion of pronuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what event consists of
1. fast: sperm-oocyte contact; Na+ channels open
2. slow: intracellular Ca++ release - cortical reaction
-granules fuse; destroy sperm receptors; swell membrane

A

block to polyspermy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

uterine/Fallopian tubes are also known as

A

oviducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is the site of fertilization (in ampulla)

A

Fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what receives the ovulated oocyte in fimbriae of infundibulum > ampulla (curve) > isthmus (connection to uturus)

A

Fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

oocytes are captured by the uterine tube by

A

cilia on fimbrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what propels the oocyte through the Fallopian tubes

A

peristalsis and cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ

A

uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

parts of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix, and cervical canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what anchors the uterus to anterior and posterior (sacrum) body wall

A

ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

fertilization > uterine tube > uterus > implantation is the process of

A

pre embryonic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

cleavage - rapid meiotic devisions - and large number of small cells occur during

A

preembryotic development

72
Q

zygote embeds in the endometrium

A

implantation

73
Q

zygote > morula > blastocyst occurs during

A

preembryotic development

74
Q

trophoblast + inner cell mass

A

blastocyst

75
Q

trophoblast forms () layers then invades uterine lining

A

2

76
Q

inner cell mass becomes

A

embryonic disc

77
Q

trophoblast secretes

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

78
Q

what keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen/ progesterone (and is what is detected by a pregnancy test)

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

79
Q

the uterine wall layers consist of

A

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

80
Q

what provides the uterine wall with a rich blood supply

A

uterine arteries and spiral arteries (degenerate and regenerate)

81
Q

what layer of the uterine wall consists of serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)

A

perimetrium

82
Q

what layer of the uterine wall is the thickest and is made up of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

83
Q

what layer of the uterine wall is the inner lining ( it is the functional layer that responds to hormones, is shed in menstruation, is the basal layer that gives rise to new functional layer monthly)

A

endometrium

84
Q

trophoblast and endometrial tissue make up the

A

placenta

85
Q

() > chorion chorionic villi > blood vessels (umbilical arteries/vein)

A

trophoblast

86
Q

() > decidua (expands to surround fetus)

A

endometrium

87
Q

maternal and embryonic blood exchange materials, do they ever mix ?

A

no

88
Q

between the cervix and body exterior

A

vagina

89
Q

what has dispensable walls (has rugae) in the female reproductive system

A

the vagina

90
Q

is the vagina acidic or basic

A

acidic

91
Q

what is over the vaginal orifice (temporary)

A

hymen

92
Q

the veginal fornix surrounds …

A

the cervix

93
Q

inner cell mass divides into () layers during embryonic development

A

2

94
Q

epiblast forms what during embryonic development

A

amnion (fluid sac around embryo)
and body (embryo)

95
Q

the hypoblast forms during embryonic development

A

the yolk and sac allantois

96
Q

from yolk sac, forms umbilical cord

A

allantois

97
Q

forms part of the gut, source of early blood cells, source of primordial germ cells

A

yolk sac

98
Q

mammary glands function in females to …

A

nourish the newborn

99
Q

female highly modified sweat glands

A

mammary glands

100
Q

external of the mammary glands

A

areola and nipple

101
Q

internal lobes in mammary glands are surrounded by …

A

connective tissue and fat

102
Q

lobes > lobules > alveoli (produce milk)

A

mammary glands

103
Q

lactiferous ducts empty to the …

A

nipple

104
Q

in non pregnant women the mammary gland duct system is …

A

undeveloped

105
Q

the embryonic disc becomes a 3-layered embryo during …

A

gastrulation

106
Q

the head/ tail and left/ right axes are established during

A

gastrulation

107
Q

() begins during implantation and takes about how long

A

gastrulation (~1 week)

108
Q

primitive streak

A

cells flow inward during gastrulation

109
Q

formation of 3 primary germ layers occurs during

A

gastrulation

110
Q

the three primary germ layers are

A

the endoderm (primitive gut), the ectoderm (remains on surface), and mesoderm > notochord, mesenchyme > muscle

111
Q

the endoderm is

A

the primitive gut

112
Q

where does the ectoderm remain during gastrulation

A

on the surface

113
Q

mesoderm becomes

A

notochord

114
Q

mesenchyme becomes

A

muscle

115
Q

the embryo at 8 weeks has

A

skeletal muscles, blood vessels, heart, bones gonads, kidneys, lunges, and digestive system

116
Q

what happens in a fetus in weeks 9 - 40

A

growth, body size increases relative to head, and continued differentiation of cell types to form functional organs

117
Q

meiosis to produce female gametes

A

oogenesis

118
Q

the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis, this is the beginning of …

A

oogenesis

119
Q

the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis and mature into () surrounded by ()

A

primary oocytes, primordial follicles

120
Q

primary oocytes arrest at the beginning of meiosis 1 and remain dormant until when

A

puberty

121
Q

how many viable sperm are formed from one primary speratocycle

A

four

122
Q

one viable egg (ovum) and how many polar bodies are formed during oogenesis

A

3

123
Q

follicular phase includes follicle growth that lasts for () days

A

1-14

124
Q

luteal phase, the corpus lute is active for () days

A

day 14-28 and degenerates 10 days later if no pregnancy

125
Q

rupture and expulsion of oocyte

A

ovulation

126
Q

what Promotes oogenesis, follicle growth
* Promote anabolism of female reproductive
structures – duct system, external genitalia
* Puberty growth spurt
* Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, body
shape, hair growth

A

estrogen

127
Q

what establishes/regulates uterine cycle;
pregnancy effects

A

progesterone

128
Q

GnRH released by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release …

A

FSH and LH

129
Q

what inhibits FSH and LH

A

estrogen

130
Q

Very high estrogen level causes surge of ()
causes primary oocyte to complete Meiosis I

A

LH

131
Q

LH triggers ovulation, turns follicle >

A

corpus luteum

132
Q

Estrogen/progesterone inhibit () release

A

LH/FSH

133
Q

Low () causes corpus luteum degeneration;
estrogen/progesterone drop

A

LH

134
Q

Increased vascularization, uterine enlargement, and weight gain are all indicators of

A

pregnancy

135
Q

the placenta secretes

A

human placental lactogen
(breast maturation, growth) & human chorionic
thyrotropin (increases maternal metabolism)

136
Q

during pregnancy blood volume increases how much

A

25-40%

137
Q

labor is a () feedback system

A

positive

138
Q

stages of labor

A

dilation-expulsion-placental

139
Q

full cervical dilation is about how many cm

A

10 cm

140
Q

high () levels released by placenta initiates labor

A

estrogen

141
Q

the fetus and placenta produce () during labor

A

prostaglandins

142
Q

the mothers pituitary system releases ()) during labor

A

oxytocin

143
Q

the myometrium forms oxytocin receptors during

A

labor initiation

144
Q

Which of the following hormones is most directly responsible for ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. Prolactin
C. Growth hormone (GH)
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
E. Progesterone

A

D

145
Q

The constituent of semen that provides nutrients to the sperm cells is produced by which structure?
A. Seminal vesicles
B. Testes
C. Prostate gland
D. Bulbourethral glands
E. Epididymis

A

A

146
Q

Place the following stages of the sperm cells from the beginning of spermatogenesis to the beginning
of spermiogenesis:
1. Secondary spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. Spermatogonium
A. 1, 4, 2, 3
B. 3, 2, 1, 4
C. 4, 3, 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
E. 4, 1, 3, 2

A

C

147
Q

Place the following stages of the ovarian cycle in order, beginning with a primordial follicle.
1. Involution of corpus luteum
2. Development to a primary follicle
3. Development to a secondary follicle
4. Formation of corpus luteum
5. Ovulation
6. Formation of the Graafian/vesicular follicle
A. 2, 3, 6, 5, 1, 4
B. 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, 1
C. 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
D. 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
E. 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 1

A

B

148
Q

Which of the following structures in the adult body is derived from the ectoderm?
A. Central nervous system
B. Epidermis
C. Epithelium of the oral cavity
D. All of the above
E. B and C only

A

D

149
Q

A change to the sperm cell membrane required just prior to fertilization is known as:
A. Capacitation
B. Gastrulation
C. Parturition
D. Spermatogenesis
E. Spermiogenesis

A

A

150
Q

“Highly modified sweat glands that contain lobes, alveoli, and lactiferous ducts” would describe:
A. ovaries
B. mammary glands
C. testes
D. uterine tubes
E. seminiferous tubules

A

B

151
Q

The first meiotic division in oogenesis is initiated ______ and isn’t completed until _______.
A. At birth; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
B. At puberty; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
C. Before birth; the egg is stimulated by FSH after puberty
D. Before birth; the egg is ovulated
E. After ovulation; the egg is within the oviduct

A

C

152
Q

The muscularis layer of the uterine wall is called the ___________, and it is important for _________.
A. Endometrium; muscle tone
B. Myometrium; contractions during labor
C. Perimerium; forming the outer-most layer
D. Myometrium; replenishing the functional layer
E. Endometrium; replenishing the functional layer

A

B

153
Q

If a woman had a pituitary gland dysfunction that caused her to no longer secrete LH, then:
A. She would not be capable of producing estrogen.
B. She would not be capable of producing secondary oocytes.
C. She would be capable of producing a secondary oocyte, but it would not be ovulated.
D. She would have all primary sex characteristics, but no secondary sex characteristics.
E. She would have no primary or secondary sex characteristics.

A

C

154
Q

At the end of Meiosis II in the male, cells known as __________ are formed.
A. Secondary spermatocytes
B. Primary spermatocytes
C. Spermatids
D. Spermatogonia
E. Spermatozoa

A

C

155
Q

Immediately after leaving the testis, sperm cells are stored primarily in:
A. The seminiferous tubules
B. The epididymis
C. The prostate gland
D. The seminal vesicles
E. The ampulla

A

B

156
Q

From outermost to innermost, which of the following is the correct order of barriers to the penetration
of an ovum by a sperm?
A. Corona radiata, ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida.
B. Zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane; corona radiata.
C. Ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida, corona radiata.
D. Ovum cell membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida.
E. Corona radiata, zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane.

A

E

157
Q

Which part of the spermatozoon (sperm) contains enzymes that can start digesting the outer barrier
surrounding the ovum/secondary oocyte?
A. The nucleus
B. The acrosome
C. The flagellum
D. The midpiece
E. None of the above

A

B

158
Q

A sharp decrease in the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone initiates:
A. The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B. Follicular maturation
C. Shedding of the ovaries
D. Corpus luteum development
E. Menstrual phase of uterus

A

E

159
Q

The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. T or F

A

F

160
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to the connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage. T or F

A

T

161
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is responsible for the continued presence and secretory
activity of the corpus luteum during pregnancy. T or F

A

T

162
Q

Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the female cycle, regardless of how long the cycle is. T or F

A

F

163
Q

The “slow block” refers to the mechanism that prevents fertilization of another egg when one is
already pregnant. T or F

A

F

164
Q

“Cleavage” results in daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. T or F

A

F

165
Q

During implantation, the blastocyst undergoes gastrulation.
T or F

A

T

166
Q

The placenta begins to form after week 8 T or F

A

F

167
Q

At puberty, __________level rises as it begins to be produced in the hypothalamus.
A. LH
B. FSH
C. GnRH
D. testosterone
E. glucagon

A

C

168
Q
  1. What is the correct order for the development of a zygote?
    a. Zygote > Morula > Blastocyst
    b. Zygote > Blastocyst > Morula
    c. Morula > Zygote > Blastocyst
    d. Blastocyst > Morula > Zygote
A

A

169
Q
  1. What two layers do the inner cell mass divide into?
    a. Epiblast and amnion
    b. Epiblast and hypoblast
    c. Yolk sac and allantois
    d. Embryo and yolk sac
A

B

170
Q
  1. Which of the following directly gives rise to the placenta?
    a. Morula
    b. Blastocyst
    c. Trophoblast
    d. Fetus
A

C

171
Q
  1. What important process organs in the ectoderm?
    a. GI tract forming
    b. Formation of ventral body cavity
    c. Yolk sac
    d. Neurulation
A

D

172
Q
  1. At what week is the transition from embryo to fetus?
    a. 9/10th week
    b. 8/9th week
    c. 12/13th week
    d. 40th week
A

B

173
Q
  1. During pregnancy, what percentage is representative of the increase of blood volume?
    a. 25-40%
    b. 60-80%
    c. 10-15%
    d. 2-5%
A

A

174
Q
  1. What hormones initiate labor?
    a. Serotonin and dopamine
    b. Estrogen and testosterone
    c. Cortisol and insulin
    d. Estrogen and oxytocin
A

D

175
Q
  1. What are the stages of labor (in order)?
    a. Dilation, placental, expulsion
    b. Expulsion, dilation, placental
    c. Dilation, expulsion, placental
    d. Placental, expulsion, dilation
A

C

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions