Reproduction and Development Flashcards
what are gonads
primary sexual organs
what are sex cells and sex hormones called
gametes
male (sperm)
female (eggs)
the scrotum contains what and why
testes- to keep them at a lower temp
the seminiferous tubules are the production site of what
sperm
Interstitial cells in the testes produce what
androgen (testosterone)
what connects the testes to the inside of the body
the spermatic cords
duct system of the male anatomy
epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are all () glands of the male anatomy
accessory
Why must there be a good blood flow in the spermatic cord
to transport testosterone throughout the whole body
what are the components of the spermatic cord
nerves, vas deferens, testicular arteries and veins
the sexual response of a male consists of 2 phases, what are they
erection and ejaculation
what part of the ANS controls erections
the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system (excitement)
what part of the ANS controls ejaculation
the sympathetic autonomic nervous system
how many sperm are in ejaculate
~100-500 million
excitement> parasympathetic ANS>Nitric oxide vasodilator arterioles > erectile bodies fill with blood :this is the process of what
erection
sperm ducts and accessory glands contract and empty into urethra; bladder sphincter constricts; smooth muscle contractions : this is the process of what
ejaculation
how many chromosomes do people have
46 diploid(individual) or 23 haploid (pairs)
1st paternal and 2nd maternal are the two components of what
a chromosome pair
() carry same genes but not necessarily same form of each gene
homologues
meiosis (reproductive division) only occurs in …
gonads
prophase > metaphase > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > end product of two daughter cells: this is the process of what
mitosis
prophase I (crossing over between homologues) > metaphase I > anaphase > telophase > cytokinesis > two daughter cells > both cells go through prophase II, metaphase II anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis> end product of four daughter cells: this is the process of what
meiosis
male reproductive stem cells that undergo mitosis only
spermatogonia (some become primary spermatocytes)
primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become
secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become
spermatids
what is the maturation of sperm cells called? (including the development of acrosome, flagellum, and the shedding of cytoplasm)
spermiogenesis
early spermiogenesis or the meiosis phase of sperm development is called
spermatogenesis
genetic, metabolic, and locomotor are region of the
sperm
the head of the sperm is the genetic region and it contains () and ()
the nucleus and acrosome
the mid piece of the sperm is the metabolic region and it contains ()
the mitochondria
the tail of the sperm is the locomotor region and it contains ()
microtubules
the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and testes make up the …
brain-testicular axis
GnRH is secreted by the…
hypothalamus
FSH/LH (gonadotropins) is secreted by the …
anterior pituitary gland
what ups testicular response to testosterone
FSH
what stimulates testosterone production
LH
what facilitates feedback inhibition
testosterone and inhibit on GnRH
spermatogenesis, anabolism, secondary sexual characteristics and behavior all affect …
testosterone
female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
Ducts - uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands are all
accessory structures to the female reproductive system
how long is the human gestation period
~40 weeks
what is a pre-implantation embryo called
zygote (just means a fertilized egg)
post-implantation, the first 3-8 weeks
embryo
identification of 9 weeks - birth
fetus
connective tissue containing ovarian follicles
ovaries
what is anchored to the uterus and pelvic wall by ligaments
ovaries
what follows ovulation/rupture
corpus luteum
process of maturation of an egg
primordial - primary - secondary - vesicular
a follicle is an
oocyte (immature egg)
the ovulated secondary oocyte is viable for
12-24 hours
sperm is viable for
24-72 hours
copulation occurs
3 days before - 1 day after ovulation
sperm cross the cervix, uterus, then enter the…
uterine tubes
sperm acrosomal membranes (thin) are called
capacitation
sperm pass the corona radiata, then bind to the…
zona pellucida
acrosomal reaction causes what
enzyme release
one sperm will contact the membrane surface first then what occurs
internalization and fertilization
block to polyspermy - final meiotic division - then function of pronuclei are the events of …
fertilization
what event consists of the secondary oocyte completing meiosis 2 - ejection of 2nd polar body and formation of female pronucleus
final meiotic division
what event consists of egg/sperm nuclei swelling, membranes rupturing, and chromosomes combining
fusion of pronuclei
what event consists of
1. fast: sperm-oocyte contact; Na+ channels open
2. slow: intracellular Ca++ release - cortical reaction
-granules fuse; destroy sperm receptors; swell membrane
block to polyspermy
uterine/Fallopian tubes are also known as
oviducts
what is the site of fertilization (in ampulla)
Fallopian tubes
what receives the ovulated oocyte in fimbriae of infundibulum > ampulla (curve) > isthmus (connection to uturus)
Fallopian tubes
oocytes are captured by the uterine tube by
cilia on fimbrae
what propels the oocyte through the Fallopian tubes
peristalsis and cilia
hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
uterus
parts of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix, and cervical canal
what anchors the uterus to anterior and posterior (sacrum) body wall
ligaments
fertilization > uterine tube > uterus > implantation is the process of
pre embryonic development
cleavage - rapid meiotic devisions - and large number of small cells occur during
preembryotic development
zygote embeds in the endometrium
implantation
zygote > morula > blastocyst occurs during
preembryotic development
trophoblast + inner cell mass
blastocyst
trophoblast forms () layers then invades uterine lining
2
inner cell mass becomes
embryonic disc
trophoblast secretes
human chorionic gonadotropin
what keeps corpus luteum secreting estrogen/ progesterone (and is what is detected by a pregnancy test)
human chorionic gonadotropin
the uterine wall layers consist of
perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
what provides the uterine wall with a rich blood supply
uterine arteries and spiral arteries (degenerate and regenerate)
what layer of the uterine wall consists of serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
perimetrium
what layer of the uterine wall is the thickest and is made up of smooth muscle
myometrium
what layer of the uterine wall is the inner lining ( it is the functional layer that responds to hormones, is shed in menstruation, is the basal layer that gives rise to new functional layer monthly)
endometrium
trophoblast and endometrial tissue make up the
placenta
() > chorion chorionic villi > blood vessels (umbilical arteries/vein)
trophoblast
() > decidua (expands to surround fetus)
endometrium
maternal and embryonic blood exchange materials, do they ever mix ?
no
between the cervix and body exterior
vagina
what has dispensable walls (has rugae) in the female reproductive system
the vagina
is the vagina acidic or basic
acidic
what is over the vaginal orifice (temporary)
hymen
the veginal fornix surrounds …
the cervix
inner cell mass divides into () layers during embryonic development
2
epiblast forms what during embryonic development
amnion (fluid sac around embryo)
and body (embryo)
the hypoblast forms during embryonic development
the yolk and sac allantois
from yolk sac, forms umbilical cord
allantois
forms part of the gut, source of early blood cells, source of primordial germ cells
yolk sac
mammary glands function in females to …
nourish the newborn
female highly modified sweat glands
mammary glands
external of the mammary glands
areola and nipple
internal lobes in mammary glands are surrounded by …
connective tissue and fat
lobes > lobules > alveoli (produce milk)
mammary glands
lactiferous ducts empty to the …
nipple
in non pregnant women the mammary gland duct system is …
undeveloped
the embryonic disc becomes a 3-layered embryo during …
gastrulation
the head/ tail and left/ right axes are established during
gastrulation
() begins during implantation and takes about how long
gastrulation (~1 week)
primitive streak
cells flow inward during gastrulation
formation of 3 primary germ layers occurs during
gastrulation
the three primary germ layers are
the endoderm (primitive gut), the ectoderm (remains on surface), and mesoderm > notochord, mesenchyme > muscle
the endoderm is
the primitive gut
where does the ectoderm remain during gastrulation
on the surface
mesoderm becomes
notochord
mesenchyme becomes
muscle
the embryo at 8 weeks has
skeletal muscles, blood vessels, heart, bones gonads, kidneys, lunges, and digestive system
what happens in a fetus in weeks 9 - 40
growth, body size increases relative to head, and continued differentiation of cell types to form functional organs
meiosis to produce female gametes
oogenesis
the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis, this is the beginning of …
oogenesis
the diploid oogonia divides by mitosis and mature into () surrounded by ()
primary oocytes, primordial follicles
primary oocytes arrest at the beginning of meiosis 1 and remain dormant until when
puberty
how many viable sperm are formed from one primary speratocycle
four
one viable egg (ovum) and how many polar bodies are formed during oogenesis
3
follicular phase includes follicle growth that lasts for () days
1-14
luteal phase, the corpus lute is active for () days
day 14-28 and degenerates 10 days later if no pregnancy
rupture and expulsion of oocyte
ovulation
what Promotes oogenesis, follicle growth
* Promote anabolism of female reproductive
structures – duct system, external genitalia
* Puberty growth spurt
* Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, body
shape, hair growth
estrogen
what establishes/regulates uterine cycle;
pregnancy effects
progesterone
GnRH released by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release …
FSH and LH
what inhibits FSH and LH
estrogen
Very high estrogen level causes surge of ()
causes primary oocyte to complete Meiosis I
LH
LH triggers ovulation, turns follicle >
corpus luteum
Estrogen/progesterone inhibit () release
LH/FSH
Low () causes corpus luteum degeneration;
estrogen/progesterone drop
LH
Increased vascularization, uterine enlargement, and weight gain are all indicators of
pregnancy
the placenta secretes
human placental lactogen
(breast maturation, growth) & human chorionic
thyrotropin (increases maternal metabolism)
during pregnancy blood volume increases how much
25-40%
labor is a () feedback system
positive
stages of labor
dilation-expulsion-placental
full cervical dilation is about how many cm
10 cm
high () levels released by placenta initiates labor
estrogen
the fetus and placenta produce () during labor
prostaglandins
the mothers pituitary system releases ()) during labor
oxytocin
the myometrium forms oxytocin receptors during
labor initiation
Which of the following hormones is most directly responsible for ovulation in the ovarian cycle?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B. Prolactin
C. Growth hormone (GH)
D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
E. Progesterone
D
The constituent of semen that provides nutrients to the sperm cells is produced by which structure?
A. Seminal vesicles
B. Testes
C. Prostate gland
D. Bulbourethral glands
E. Epididymis
A
Place the following stages of the sperm cells from the beginning of spermatogenesis to the beginning
of spermiogenesis:
1. Secondary spermatocyte
2. Spermatid
3. Primary spermatocyte
4. Spermatogonium
A. 1, 4, 2, 3
B. 3, 2, 1, 4
C. 4, 3, 1, 2
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
E. 4, 1, 3, 2
C
Place the following stages of the ovarian cycle in order, beginning with a primordial follicle.
1. Involution of corpus luteum
2. Development to a primary follicle
3. Development to a secondary follicle
4. Formation of corpus luteum
5. Ovulation
6. Formation of the Graafian/vesicular follicle
A. 2, 3, 6, 5, 1, 4
B. 2, 3, 6, 5, 4, 1
C. 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
D. 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 1
E. 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 1
B
Which of the following structures in the adult body is derived from the ectoderm?
A. Central nervous system
B. Epidermis
C. Epithelium of the oral cavity
D. All of the above
E. B and C only
D
A change to the sperm cell membrane required just prior to fertilization is known as:
A. Capacitation
B. Gastrulation
C. Parturition
D. Spermatogenesis
E. Spermiogenesis
A
“Highly modified sweat glands that contain lobes, alveoli, and lactiferous ducts” would describe:
A. ovaries
B. mammary glands
C. testes
D. uterine tubes
E. seminiferous tubules
B
The first meiotic division in oogenesis is initiated ______ and isn’t completed until _______.
A. At birth; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
B. At puberty; the egg is penetrated by the sperm
C. Before birth; the egg is stimulated by FSH after puberty
D. Before birth; the egg is ovulated
E. After ovulation; the egg is within the oviduct
C
The muscularis layer of the uterine wall is called the ___________, and it is important for _________.
A. Endometrium; muscle tone
B. Myometrium; contractions during labor
C. Perimerium; forming the outer-most layer
D. Myometrium; replenishing the functional layer
E. Endometrium; replenishing the functional layer
B
If a woman had a pituitary gland dysfunction that caused her to no longer secrete LH, then:
A. She would not be capable of producing estrogen.
B. She would not be capable of producing secondary oocytes.
C. She would be capable of producing a secondary oocyte, but it would not be ovulated.
D. She would have all primary sex characteristics, but no secondary sex characteristics.
E. She would have no primary or secondary sex characteristics.
C
At the end of Meiosis II in the male, cells known as __________ are formed.
A. Secondary spermatocytes
B. Primary spermatocytes
C. Spermatids
D. Spermatogonia
E. Spermatozoa
C
Immediately after leaving the testis, sperm cells are stored primarily in:
A. The seminiferous tubules
B. The epididymis
C. The prostate gland
D. The seminal vesicles
E. The ampulla
B
From outermost to innermost, which of the following is the correct order of barriers to the penetration
of an ovum by a sperm?
A. Corona radiata, ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida.
B. Zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane; corona radiata.
C. Ovum cell membrane; zona pellucida, corona radiata.
D. Ovum cell membrane, corona radiata, zona pellucida.
E. Corona radiata, zona pellucida, ovum cell membrane.
E
Which part of the spermatozoon (sperm) contains enzymes that can start digesting the outer barrier
surrounding the ovum/secondary oocyte?
A. The nucleus
B. The acrosome
C. The flagellum
D. The midpiece
E. None of the above
B
A sharp decrease in the blood levels of estrogen and progesterone initiates:
A. The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle
B. Follicular maturation
C. Shedding of the ovaries
D. Corpus luteum development
E. Menstrual phase of uterus
E
The umbilical arteries carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. T or F
F
The mesoderm gives rise to the connective tissues, including blood, bone, and cartilage. T or F
T
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is responsible for the continued presence and secretory
activity of the corpus luteum during pregnancy. T or F
T
Ovulation occurs on day 14 of the female cycle, regardless of how long the cycle is. T or F
F
The “slow block” refers to the mechanism that prevents fertilization of another egg when one is
already pregnant. T or F
F
“Cleavage” results in daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. T or F
F
During implantation, the blastocyst undergoes gastrulation.
T or F
T
The placenta begins to form after week 8 T or F
F
At puberty, __________level rises as it begins to be produced in the hypothalamus.
A. LH
B. FSH
C. GnRH
D. testosterone
E. glucagon
C
- What is the correct order for the development of a zygote?
a. Zygote > Morula > Blastocyst
b. Zygote > Blastocyst > Morula
c. Morula > Zygote > Blastocyst
d. Blastocyst > Morula > Zygote
A
- What two layers do the inner cell mass divide into?
a. Epiblast and amnion
b. Epiblast and hypoblast
c. Yolk sac and allantois
d. Embryo and yolk sac
B
- Which of the following directly gives rise to the placenta?
a. Morula
b. Blastocyst
c. Trophoblast
d. Fetus
C
- What important process organs in the ectoderm?
a. GI tract forming
b. Formation of ventral body cavity
c. Yolk sac
d. Neurulation
D
- At what week is the transition from embryo to fetus?
a. 9/10th week
b. 8/9th week
c. 12/13th week
d. 40th week
B
- During pregnancy, what percentage is representative of the increase of blood volume?
a. 25-40%
b. 60-80%
c. 10-15%
d. 2-5%
A
- What hormones initiate labor?
a. Serotonin and dopamine
b. Estrogen and testosterone
c. Cortisol and insulin
d. Estrogen and oxytocin
D
- What are the stages of labor (in order)?
a. Dilation, placental, expulsion
b. Expulsion, dilation, placental
c. Dilation, expulsion, placental
d. Placental, expulsion, dilation
C
