Practice exam 5 Flashcards
Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle?
A. Glomerulus
B. Collecting duct
C. Podocytes
D. Fenestrated epithelial cells
E. Bowman’s capsule
Collecting duct
Which of the following would not contribute to a higher glomerular filtration rate?
A. Increase in systemic blood pressure
B. Constriction of efferent arteriole
C. Dilation of afferent arteriole
D. Constriction of afferent arteriole
E. Both B and C
D. Constriction of afferent arteriole
What is the correct order of structures through which urine would pass on its way from the
nephron to excretion from the body?
1. External urethral sphincter 4. Collecting duct
2. Ureter 5. Renal pelvis
3. Minor calyx 6. Major calyx
7. Bladder 8. Internal urethral sphincter
A. 4, 3, 6, 5, 2, 7, 8, 1
B. 3, 6, 4, 5, 2, 7, 8, 1
C. 8, 2, 1, 4, 5, 3, 7, 6
D. 8, 1, 2, 4, 3, 7, 6, 5
E. 4, 5, 3, 6, 2, 7, 1, 8
A. 4, 3, 6, 5, 2, 7, 8, 1
Plasma proteins are a vital contributor to the body’s ability to maintain the acid-base balance.
Why?
A. Their carboxyl group can act as a weak acid
B. The liver synthesizes plasma proteins when the blood plasma pH becomes too low
C. Their amino group can act as a weak base
D. All of the above
E. A and C only
E. A and C only
The majority of nutrients and/or electrolytes in the filtrate are reabsorbed in which part of the
nephron?
A. Ascending limb of loop of Henle
B. Descending limb of loop of Henle
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
E. Bowman’s capsule
D. Proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular secretion:
A. Removes solutes from the blood and secretes them directly into the urine
B. Can help to remove drugs from the blood, like morphine or aspirin
C. Is a process of active transport
D. All of the above
E. A and C only
D. All of the above
Which of the following is a source of metabolic water?
A. Aerobic cellular respiration
B. Ingestion of fluids
C. Inhalation of water vapor
D. Ingestion of food
E. Sweating
A. Aerobic cellular respiration
Which of the following constituents of filtrate is ordinarily reabsorbed completely (100%)?
A. Glucose
B. Amino acids
C. Electrolytes
D. A and B
E. A and C
D. A and B
Drinking saltwater would have a similar effect on the fluid balance of the body as what other
harmful condition?
A. Hemorrhage (massive blood loss)
B. Water intoxication (hyperhydration)
C. Dehydration
D. Alcohol poisoning
E. Hyponatremia
C. Dehydration
The functional unit of the kidneys is the:
A. Calyx
B. Nephron
C. Pyramid
D. Capsule
E. Ureter
B. Nephron
Micturition is another term for:
A. Vasoconstriction
B. Vasodilation
C. Filtration
D. Urination
E. Reabsorption
D. Urination
Our major metabolic nitrogenous waste is:
A. CO2
B. O2
C. creatinine
D. bile
E. urea
E. urea
Each kidney has approximately _______ nephrons.
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1 million
D. 10 million
E. 4
C. 1 million
Under normal conditions, calcium ions would be:
A. In greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate
B. In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
C. Absent from both urine and filtrate
B. In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between body cells and body fluids is as follows:
A. K+ mainly in the cells; Na+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.
B. Na+ mainly in the cells; K+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.
C. Little of either in the cells, but large amounts of both in the extracellular fluids.
D. Equal amounts of each ion in each of the body compartments.
E. None of the above correctly describes the distribution of Na+ and K+ ions in the body
A. K+ mainly in the cells; Na+ mainly in the extracellular fluids.
If the extracellular fluid becomes less concentrated with solutes than the intracellular fluid, water
will move mostly in what direction until equilibrium is reached?
A. Water does not move at all; solutes move into the cell.
B. From the interstitial fluid into the plasma.
C. From the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.
D. From the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid
E. Water will move equally in both directions between the two compartments
D. From the extracellular fluid into the intracellular fluid
The networks of capillaries found in the renal cortex, surrounding the proximal and distal
convoluted tubules are called:
A. Peritubular capillaries
B. Capsular capillaries
C. Glomerular capillaries
D. Vasa recta
E. Afferent and efferent arterioles
A. Peritubular capillaries
The nephrons most involved in water reabsorption (and thus present in greater numbers in desert
mammals) are the ___________, and their loops of Henle extend deeper into the renal pyramids.
A. juxtamedullary nephrons
B. capsular nephrons
C. cortical nephrons
D. distal nephrons
E. proximal nephrons
A. juxtamedullary nephrons
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________.
A. glomerulus
B. medulla
C. cortical radiate veins
D. peritubular capillaries
E. vasa recta
A. glomerulus
Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits __________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which
_________ urine output.
A. K+; increases
B. Na+; decreases
C. Na+; increases
D. K+; decreases
E. Ca2+; increases
C. Na+; increases
- Aldosterone secretion increases the reabsorption of water
T
- The body’s response to dehydration includes the thirst urge, and increased secretion of ADH (anti-
diuretic hormone).
T
Holding your breath for long enough would eventually raise the pH of your blood.
F
The number of cortical nephrons far exceeds the number of juxtamedullary nephrons.
T
An average adult generates about 2 liters of urine per day
T
Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
T
Ethyl (drinking) alcohol stimulates the secretion of ADH, thereby reducing reabsorption by the
collecting duct.
F
- Which is the quickest mechanism to buffer pH changes in the body fluids?
a. physical buffering
b. chemical buffering
c. respiratory buffering
d. renal control
Chemical buffering (B)
- which is not a function of the kidney?
a. blood pH homeostasis
b. synthesis of angiotensinogen
c. Mean arterial pressure regulation
d. formation of urine
e. excretion of excess K
Synthesis of angiotensinogen (B)
- When urine has been produced in the ______, it leaves the kidney through the ureters, and urine is transported to the ______
a. ureters; bladder
b. nephrons; bladder
c. bladder; urethra
d. pelvis; nephrons
e. nephrons; renal pelvis
Nephrons; bladder (B)
- When fluid occurs through tubular ______ and sends fluid back into the bloodstream, ______ removes unneeded solutes from plasma and transports them to the nephron tubule
a. secretion; reabsorption
b. normal GFR; irregular GFR
c. reabsorption; normal GFR
d. reabsorption; secretion
e. filtration; reabsorption
Reabsorption; secretion (D)
- Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water compared to other compartments?
a. plasma
b. interstitial fluid
c. urinary bladder
d. extracellular compartment
e. intracellular compartment
Intracellular compartment (E)
- Which blood vessels in the kidney form the boundary between the cortex and the medulla?
a. renal
b. arcuate
c. interlobular
d. interlobar
e. segmental
Arcuate (B)
- Filtrate contents are reclaimed by the blood during:
a. glomerular filtration
b. tubular reabsorption
c. tubular secretion
d. bladder distension
e. all of these
Tubular reabsorption (B)
- The functional unit of the kidney is the ______
a. neuron
b. nephron
c. calyx
d. capillary bed
e. pelvis
Nephron (B)
- Which of the following would cause an increase in net filtration pressure?
a. constriction of afferent arteriole
b. increase in blood osmotic pressure
c. increase in glomerular capillary blood pressure
d. increase in fluid pressure in Bowman’s capsule
e. an increase in the medullary osmotic gradient
Increase in glomerular capillary blood pressure (C)
- Solute concentration controls ______ distribution in the body between different compartments
a. hemoglobin
b. protein
c. glucose
d. water
e. ion
Water (D)
- A hormone that causes increased urine production, lower blood pressure & lower blood volume is:
a. aldosterone
b. ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
c. glucagon
d. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
e. renin & angiotensin
ANP (B)
- Micturition is another term for:
a. the production of nitrogenous wastes
b. glomerular filtration
c. the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin
d. inflammation of the urinary bladder
e. the elimination of urine
The elimination of urine (E)
- An extended ______ allows juxtamedullary nephrons to produce concentrated urine
a. glomerulus
b. loop of Henle
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. efferent arteriole
e. proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle (B)
- Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it:
a. is reabsorbed by the tubules
b. increases ADH production
c. increases glomerular filtration rate
d. inhibits the release of ADH
e. inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Inhibits the release of ADH (D)
- Normally, what is the renal clearance of glucose?
a. same as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
b. about half of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
c. equal to the clearance for creatinine
d. close to zero
e. greater than the clearance for insulin
Close to zero (D)
- Assuming normal conditions, would nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism be:
a. in greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate
b. in greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
c. absent from both urine and filtrate
In greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate (A)
- The networks of capillaries found in the renal cortex, surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are called:
a. peritubular capillaries
b. capsular capillaries
c. glomerular capillaries
d. vasa recta
e. afferent and efferent arterioles
Peritubular capillaries (A)
- which of the following correctly traces blood from the renal artery to the renal cortex?
a. arcuate a > interlobar a > afferent arteriole > interlobular a
b. interlobar a > interlobular a > segmental a > arcuate a
c. segmental a > interlobar a > arcuate a > interlobular a
segmental > interlobar a > arcuate a > interlobular a (C)
- Cells in the kidney that sense blood pressure and secrete renin are called:
a. Renins
b. Podocytes
c. Vasa recta
d. Juxtaglomerular
e. Rugae
Juxtamedullary (D)
- What is the most abundant cation in the ECF (extracellular fluid)?
a. Ca++
b. Cl-
c. K+
d. Na+
e. Pi
Na+ (D)
- what is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood?
a. uric acid
b. urea
c. ammonia
d. creatinine
e. albumin
Urea (B)
- the thirst center is located in the:
a. cerebral cortex
b. salivary glands
c. brain stem
d. hypothalamus
e. kidneys
Hypothalamus (D)
- Which of the following causes increased calcium (Ca++) reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule?
a. thyroid hormone
b. aldosterone
c. increased blood calcium levels
d. parathyroid hormone
e. insulin
Parathyroid hormone (D)
- Normal blood pH is:
a. 7.0
b. 8.0
c. 7.4
d. 6.8
e. 7.2
7.4 (C)
- Filtrate is equivalent to:
a. blood
b. blood plasma
c. blood plasma without the proteins
d. blood plasma without the proteins and nutrients
e. urine
Blood plasma without the proteins (C)
- Falling blood pH and rising levels of CO2 indicates the following homeostatic imbalance:
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory acidosis
c. dehydration
d. hyponatremia
e. edema
Respiratory acidosis (B)
- most body water intake is from _____, whereas most body water lost is via _____
a. metabolic water; vapor in expired air
b. metabolic water; sweat
c. drinking; vapor in expired air
d. drinking; urine
e. drinking; radiation
Drinking; urine (D)
- blood enters the kidney via the:
a. renal vein
b. renal artery
c. ureter
d. urethra
e. arcuate artery
Renal artery (B)
- Major calyces empty into this structure, which leads to the ureter:
a. renal artery
b. renal cortex
c. renal medulla
d. renal capsule
e. renal pelvis
Renal pelvis (E)
- Bundles of collecting ducts make up the:
a. minor calyces
b. major calyces
c. medullary pyramids
d. renal cortexes
e. glomeruli
Medullary pyramids (C)
- Which structure conveys urine to the bladder?
a. renal vein
b. renal artery
c. ureter
d. urethra
e. renal pelvis
Ureter (C)
- Blood vessels connected to the capillary beds of the kidney are:
a. arcuate vein and artery
b. interlobular vein and artery
c. vasa recta
d. peritubular capillaries
e. afferent and efferent arterioles
Interlobular vein and artery (B)
- The final location for fine-tuning of filtrate in the nephron is the:
a. collecting duct
b. loop of Henle
c. distal convoluted tubule
d. major calyx
e. proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct (A)
- The glomerulus plus Bowman’s capsule is referred to as:
a. collecting duct
b. renal corpuscle
c. loop of Henle
d. medullary column
e. medullary pyramid
Renal corpuscle (B)
- Blood exits the glomerulus through the:
a. efferent arteriole
b. afferent arteriole
c. peritubular capillary
d. interlobular artery
e. vasa recta
Efferent arteriole (A)
- When aldosterone is present, in the blood, would water be:
a. in greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate
b. in greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
c. equal in urine and filtrate
In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine (B)
- The metabolic waste creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min. why is this?
a. it is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle
b. it is secreted at the glomerulus
c. it is reabsorbed at the renal tubules
d. it is secreted at the renal tubules
e. it is targeted to the kidneys
It is secreted at the renal tubules (D)
- Assuming normal conditions, would plasma proteins be:
a. in greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate
b. in greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
c. absent from both urine and filtrate
Absent from both urine and filtrate (C)
- How could an individual with an arterial pH of 7.3 and low blood bicarbonate concentration return to homeostasis?
a. secreting bicarbonate in the descending loop of Henle
b. reabsorbing bicarbonate in the distal convoluted tubule
c. reabsorbing bicarbonate in the descending loop of Henle
d. reabsorbing bicarbonate in the ascending loop of Henle
e. increasing GFR
Reabsorbing bicarbonate in the distal convoluted tubule (B)
- Under normal conditions, would white blood cells be:
a. in greater concentration in the urine than in the filtrate
b. in greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine
c. absent from both urine and filtrate
In greater concentration in the filtrate than in the urine (B)
- What is the most abundant cation in the ICF (intracellular fluid)?
a. Ca++
b. Cl-
c. K+
d. Na+
e. Pi
K+ (C)
- Most of the water passing through the kidneys as filtrate will be excreted in the urine
a. true
b. false
F
- Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone?
a. decreased urine volume
b. decreased urine molarity
c. increased urine volume
d. increased urine salinity
e. increased urine acidity
Decreased urine volume (A)
- Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity
a. true
b. false
F
- The male urethra is 5-6 times longer than the female urethra
a. true
b. false
T
- In the nephron, _____ occur(s) in the renal corpuscle, while _____ occur(s) in the renal tubules
a. filtration and reabsorption; secretion
b. reabsorption and secretion; filtration
c. filtration and secretion; reabsorption
d. filtration; reabsorption and secretion
Filtration; reabsorption and secretion (D)
- A weak acid dissociates completely into ions in water
a. true
b. false
F
- It is possible to overhydrate
a. true
b. false
T
- ANP inhibits sodium reabsorption
a. true
b. false
T
- The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys, 2 urethras, 1 ureter, and 1 bladder
a. true
b. false
F
