A & P ll cumulative final Flashcards
- The main reason why an individual with type AB- blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A+ blood is: (Q1)
a. anti-A antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor.
b. anti-AB antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor.
c. anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor.
d. anti-B antibodies in the donor will agglutinate the RBCS of the recipient.
c. anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor.
- Which of the following statements concerning the functional characteristics of the chambers of the heart is true? (Q13)
a. Ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.
b. Atrial filling occurs while atria contract.
c. Ventricular filling occurs while atria contact.
d. The aorta contracts before the mitral valve.
a. Ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.
- Oxygen rich blood is found in: (Q18)
a. Pulmonary arteries
b. Pulmonary veins
c. Superior vena cava
d. Inferior vena cava
b. Pulmonary veins
- Isovolumetric contraction occurs during the ___ and immediately precedes the opening of the ¬¬¬___ valves. (Q26)
a. P wave and Aortic
b. QRS complex and mitral
c. T wave and tricuspid
d. S wave and SL
d. S wave and SL
- Which of the following decreases blood pressure? (Q6)
a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
b. Angiotensin
c. Nitric oxide
d. Alcohol
a. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Pulmonary arteries have _____ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries. (Q13)
a. Much greater
b. much lower
b. much lower
- Lymph and Interstitial fluid are similar to blood plasma, but plasma contains much more (Q14)
a. Protein
b. Fats
c. Carbs
d. Vitamins
a. Protein
- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is displayed as a self-signature on which type of cells? (Q22)
a. Immune cells
b. Blood cells
c. Muscle cells
d. all body cells.
d. all body cells.
- True or false: Red bone marrow is the point of origin of all immune cells of the lymphatic system. (Q38)
True
- ______ of the pulmonary circulation are the vessels containing RBC in the process of loading oxygen from the air. (Q8)
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
d. Venules
c. Capillaries
- What changes occur in the blood while you hold your breath that stimulate you to breathe once again? (Q18)
a. Drop in CO2; rise in pH.
b. Rise in CO2; drop in pH.
c. Rise in CO2; rise in pH.
d. Drop in CO2; drop in pH.
b. Rise in CO2; drop in pH.
- Which is NOT a factor that keeps lungs from deflating/collapsing? (Q22)
a. Intrapleural Pressure
b. Surfactant
c. elastic cartilage
c. elastic cartilage
- Proteins that are secreted in an inactive form before being converted/cleaved to function in chemical digestion are: (Q15)
a. Nucleic acids
b. Peptide
c. Amino acids
d. zymogens
d. zymogens
- The mucosa throughout the majority of the GI tract has an epithelium that is classified as: (Q21)
a. Simple columnar
b. Simple squamous
c. Simple Cuboidal
d. Stratified squamous
a. Simple columnar
- During what phase of Cellular Respiration do we produce CO2 as a by-product of glucose metabolism? (Q23)
a. Electron transport chain
b. Glycolysis
c. Gluconeogenesis
d. Krebs Cycle
d. Krebs Cycle
- Which organ is not involved in chemical digestion? (Q25)
a. Stomach
b. Pancreas
c. large intestine
d. Small intestine
c. large intestine
- Antidiuretic hormone is released by the: (Q26)
a. posterior pituitary
b. Stomach
c. hypothalamus
d. Kidneys
a. posterior pituitary
- How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis?
Secreting more hydrogen ions (Q28)
- True or False: The terms micturition, voiding, and tubular secretion all refer to the same process (urination).
a. FALSE
- In what stage of meiosis is an ovulated oocyte? (Q9)
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Meiosis complete
d. Prophase II
e. Metaphase II
e. Metaphase II
- What is occurring during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? (Q21)
a. Oogonia become primary oocytes
b. Formation of antrum and zona pellucida
c. Oocyte completes Meiosis II
d. Follicle rupture & oocyte expulsion
e. Corpus luteum enlarges
b. Formation of antrum and zona pellucida
- The _________ phase of the uterine cycle directly precedes implantation of an embryo into the endometrium. (Q35)
a. Premenstrual
b. Proliferative
c. Secretory
d. Luteal
e. Ovulation
c. Secretory
- What are the functions of blood?
Distribution (O2, nutrients, waste products, and hormones), regulation (body temp., pH—buffering, fluid volume/pressure for circulation), and protection (clotting to stop loss and defense against infection)
- What is the composition of blood? (include percentages as well)
55%: Plasma; 45% RBC; <1% WBC
- What is hematocrit? What is the average hematocrit for males and females?
The blood separated into its elements
Males: 45-52% Females: 37-48%
- What is the composition of plasma?
Mainly water with small molecules dissolve in it
* Plasma proteins: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
* Nutrients
* Electrolytes (Na+, Ca++, K+, etc.)
* Waste products (urea, etc.)
- What is hematopoiesis? Where does it occur? What are the three hormones involved? All blood cells arise from what?
The formation of blood, red bone marrow, EPO (RBCs)/ Cytokines or colony-stimulating factors (WBCs)/ thrombopoietin (platelets/thrombocytes), and hematopoietic stem cells
- What are the three steps of hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding)?
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation
- What is the overall goal of coagulation/clotting?
Converting fibrinogen to fibrin
- 1 hemoglobin molecule is made up of what and can hold how many oxygens?
4 globin proteins and 4 heme groups and 4 oxygens
- How and where are erythrocytes recycled?
Engulfed by macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into heme (by liver) and globin (by amino acids)
- Finish the statements:
a. Type O reacts against
b. Type A reacts against
c. Type B reacts against
a. Type O reacts against A, B, AB
b. Type A reacts against B and AB
c. Type B reacts against A and AB
- What blood type is universal recipient for RBC? What blood type is universal donor for RBC?
Type AB & Type O
- The right side of the heart supplies _____ circulation. The left side supplies ____ circulation.
Pulmonary and systemic
- How is the internal cardiac conduction system connected?
Interconnected through gap junctions
- What is the definition of cardiac cycle, systole, diastole?
Systole-contraction of the heart
Diastole- relaxation of the heart
Cardiac cycle: flow of blood through the heart in one complete heartbeat
- How much cardiac output is done? And what is cardiac output?
5 L/min and the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
- What are the three main blood vessel types?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
- What are the three layers of all blood vessels (except capillaries)?
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
- What are the three types of veins and arteries?
Large vein/artery, medium vein/artery, and venule/arteriole
- What blood vessels are permeable?
Capillaries
- What blood vessel is more involved in blood flow due to the vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and capillary sphincters?
Arteries and arterioles
- Which blood vessel has valves?
veins
- What are the four bulk flows?
Blood hydrostatic pressure, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
- What determines blood pressure?
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance of blood vessels
- What are the three functions of lymphatic system?
Return interstitial fluid to the blood, transport dietary lipids, and defend/resist disease
- What are the 3 lines of defense?
innate 1st (skin and mucous membranes) and 2nd (fever, inflammation, complement, interferon, NK cells) & adaptive 3rd line
- Humoral immunity uses which cells?
B cells
- Antibody-mediated or cellular immunity uses which cells?
T cells
- What is the general process of humoral immunity (answer as 2 steps)?
Antigen presenting cells (phagocytic cells, engulf and present antigens)
B cell once sees that goes into clonal expansion and selection
- Which cells promote cell-cell attacks?
Cytotoxic T cells with the aid of helper T cells
- How is active immunity acquired?
You are exposed or vaccinated
- How is passive immunity acquired?
You are given antibodies through mom’s milk or in a shot
- What are the 4 steps/events of respiration?
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration (O2 loading, CO2 unloading), transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration (CO2 loading, O2 unloading)
- What compromises the conducting zone?
Respiratory passageways: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (primary bronchi through terminal bronchioles)
- Allow air to reach site of gas exchange & filter, warm, and humidify air
- What compromises the respiratory zone?
Site of gas exchange: respiratory bronchioles and alveoli (alveolar ducts/sacs as well)
- What is the importance of the visceral and parietal pleura for the lungs?
Maintain slight negative pressure in intrapleural space (so lungs do not collapse when you breath out)
- During inspiration are the lungs under high or low pressure?
Low
- During expiration are the lungs under high or low pressure?
High
- What are the 4 respiratory volumes and their meaning?
Tidal volume: amount of air inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air in excess that can be inhaled with maximum effort
Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air in excess that can be exhaled with maximum effort
Residual volume: amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amount that can never voluntarily be exhaled
- What are the 4 respiratory capacities and their meaning?
Vital capacity: the amount of air that can be inhaled/exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath (VC= ERV + TV + IRV)
Inspiratory capacity: maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
Functional residual capacity: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
Total lung capacity: maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
- What organs are part of digestive tract/alimentary canal?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- Which organs are accessory organs?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
- What are the 6 major processes of digestion?
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
- What is the function of the stomach?
The storage and breakdown (chemical and physical) of food
- What is the function of the small intestine?
Absorption
- What are the 3 carbs that get broken down and by what enzymes?
Starch—salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase becomes maltose which is broken down by brush border maltase
Sucrose—brush border sucrase
Lactose—brush border lactase
- Where and what enzymes break down proteins?
Starts in stomach with pepsin, then in small intestine trypsin and chymotrypsin
- How are lipids digested and by what?
Bile and emulsification
- What is anabolism, and what is catabolism?
anabolism is synthesis and catabolism is breaking down
- What does essential nutrients mean?
Must be ingested (ex. Most vitamins and minerals) can not be made by the body
- What are three steps of carbohydrate metabolism?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain
- What are the 3 lipoproteins and their functions?
VLDL: transport triglycerides to adipose tissue
LDL: transport cholesterol to other tissues for use
HDL: transport cholesterol to the liver
- What are the two capillary beds of the kidneys?
Glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
- What are the 3 major processes of kidneys?
Filters blood to remove toxins, wastes, and excess ion; regulate volume and composition of blood; maintain water and electrolyte balance.
- Where is renin produced?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
- What is the main goal of the renin-angiotensin system?
Raise BP
- The rise/drop of what is how water balance is monitored?
Plasma osmolality
- Which electrolyte was focused on for electrolyte balance?
Salt (Na+)
- Why is Na+ important?
Control water distribution in the body
- What is the range for pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
- How is pH balanced/regulated?
Immediately is chemical buffering
Within minutes is respiratory (CO2 in or out)
Most permanent but takes longest is kidneys excreting H+ ions
