Urinary system anatomy Flashcards
Are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
Which kidney sits lower?
Right kidney
Liver cirrhosis can cause which condition related to the kidneys?
Hepatorenal syndrome - liver cirrhosis leads to insufficient blood flow to the kidneys, potentially causing renal failure
How could an ulcer in the 2nd part of the duodenum affect the right kidney?
Ureteroduodenal fistula
How can splenomegaly affect the left kidney?
Hydronephrosis
Moving from medial to lateral, which 3 muscles have contact with the posterior side of the kidneys?
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
Transversus abdominis
How can the risk of a pneumothorax be reduced during a renal biopsy?
Ask patient to exhale - this would ensure that the lungs retract from the costo-diaphragmatic recess
List the layers of fascia and fat surrounding the kidneys, moving outwards.
Renal capsule
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia
Paranephric fat
At what vertebral level do the renal arteries branch off the aorta?
L1
Does the right renal artery travel anterior or posterior to the IVC?
Posterior
The renal arteries branch into how many segments?
5
An aneurysm in which 2 arteries could compress the left renal vein?
Aorta
SMA
Where does the right gonadal vein drain into?
Where does the left gonadal vein drain into?
Right - directly into IVC
Left - left renal vein, which then drains into IVC
Describe the urine drainage pathway in the kidney.
Renal papillae
Minor calyces
Major calyces
Renal pelvis
Ureter
The left kidney spans which vertebral levels?
T12 - L3
The right kidney spans which vertebral levels?
L1 - L4
In what region of the body is an ectopic kidney likely to be found?
Pelvis
Where are the 3 areas that the ureters constrict?
Pelvic ureteric junction (PUJ)
Pelvic brim
Vesicoureteric junction (VUJ)
Pain in the ureters will be felt in which dermatomes?
T11 - L2
Which pathology would cause ‘loin to groin’ pain?
Ureter stones
Which epithelium lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium
How is backflow of urine into the ureters prevented during bladder contraction?
The detrusor muscle surrounds the ureteric orifices, closing the openings during contraction
In the bladder, what forms the trigone region?
Ureteric orifices
Internal urethral orifice
Which ligament attaches to the apex of the bladder?
What is this a remnant of?
Median umbilical ligament
Urachus
The urachus forms from what?
Distal end of the allantois
Which ligament supports the bladder in women?
Pubo-vesical ligament
Which ligament supports the bladder in men?
Pubo-prostatic ligament
Which bowl-shaped muscle cradles the bladder from underneath?
Levator ani
Which 2 arteries supply the bladder?
What are they a branch of?
Superior vesical artery
Inferior vesical artery
Internal iliac artery
Which lymph nodes does the bladder drain into?
Internal iliac nodes
Which lymph nodes do the kidneys drain into?
Lateral aortic nodes
Sensory visceral nerves from the top of the bladder travel back to the spinal cord with which type of nerves?
Pain from the top of the bladder will refer pain to which dermatomes?
Sympathetics
T12 - L2
Sensory visceral nerves from the bottom of the bladder travel back to the spinal cord with which type of nerves?
Pain from the bottom of the bladder will refer pain to which dermatomes?
Parasympathetics
S2 - S4
What are the 5 parts of the male urethra?
Pre-prostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy
Navicular fossa
Which 2 muscles found near the urethra are present in females only?
Compressor urethrae
Sphincter urethrovaginalis
Which nerve innervates the urethra?
Pudendal nerve (S2 - S4)
Which bacteria is the most common cause of UTIs?
E. Coli
What are the 2 borders of the renal angle?
Rib 12
Lateral edge of paravertebral muscles
