Introduction to the abdomen Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
The respiratory diaphragm to the pelvic girdle and pelvic inlet
List the 4 surface anatomy horizontal planes.
L1 - transpyloric plane
L2 - subcostal plane
L4 - supracristal plane
L5 - transtubercular plane
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin which is given sensation to and innervated by a single spinal nerve
What is the rectus sheath?
An aponeurotic tendinous sheath formed by a unique layering of the aponeuroses of the external and internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles
The posterior surface of the lower quarter of the rectus abdominis is in direct contact with what?
Transversalis fascia
List the 5 layers of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep.
- Skin
- Superficial fascia - Camper’s and Scarpa’s fascia
- Muscles and aponeuroses
- Transversalis fascia
- Parietal peritoneum
Describe the layers of the superficial fascia.
Camper’s fascia - superficial fatty layer which contains fat
Scarpa’s fascia - deeper membranous layer
Which direction do the muscle fibres of the external oblique run?
Inferomedially
The inguinal ligament is formed by what?
The lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
What are the attachment points of the inguinal ligament?
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and pubic tubercle
Which direction do the muscle fibres of the internal oblique run?
Superomedially
The superior epigastric artery originates from which artery?
Internal thoracic artery
The inferior epigastric artery originates from which artery?
External iliac artery
Nerves and arteries supplying the abdominal wall run between which muscles?
Internal oblique + transversus abdominis
What are the 5 main types of abdominal surgical incision?
Midline
Paramedian
Gridiron
Pfannenstiel (suprapubic)
Subcostal (Kocher)
Which surgical incision is used to access the appendix?
Gridiron
Which nerve is at risk with a gridiron incision?
Iliohypogastric nerve
Which 2 nerves are at risk with a Pfannenstiel (suprapubic) incision?
Iliohypogastric nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve
What are the 2 layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc?
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Which sac is above the epiblast?
Amniotic sac
Which sac is below the hypoblast?
Yolk sac
What are the 3 layers of the trilaminar embryonic disc?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
The peritoneum is formed from which layer of the trilaminar disc?
Mesoderm
Which region of the gut tube has both a dorsal and ventral mesentery?
Foregut
The embryological ventral mesentery contains which structure which is essential for the developing embryo?
What does it connect to?
Umbilical vein
Connects to placenta
Visceral pain can be caused by which 3 things?
Stretch
Inflammation
Hypoxia
Which spinal nerves innervate the foregut?
T5 - T9
Which spinal nerves innervate the midgut?
T10 - T11
Which spinal nerves innervate the hindgut?
T12 - L1
