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Biology 12U > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

7.4 THE URINARY SYSTEM 7.5 FORMATION OF URINE 7.6 WATER BALANCE 7.7 KIDNEY DISEASE

1
Q

The urinary system consists of:

A

Kidneys
Cortex - outer layer of the kidney
Medulla - area inside of the cortex
Renal pelvis - area where the kidney joins the ureter

Ureters

Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Bladder

Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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2
Q

Kidneys

A

Cortex - outer layer of the kidney
Medulla - area inside of the cortex
Renal pelvis - area where the kidney joins the ureter

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3
Q

Ureters

A

Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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4
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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5
Q

The kidneys play a crucial role in

A

Waste removal/production of urine
Maintaining water balance
Balancing blood pH
Balancing blood pressure

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6
Q

The Nephron

A

It is the functional unit of the kidney

There are about 1 million contained within the kidneys

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7
Q

The Nephron

Afferent arterioles -

A

small branches that carry blood to the glomerulus

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8
Q

The Nephron

Glomerulus -

A

high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration

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9
Q

The Nephron

Efferent arterioles -

A

small branches that carry blood away from the glomerulus to a capillary net

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10
Q

The Nephron

Peritubular capillaries -

A

network of small blood vessels that surround the nephron

Reabsorbs solute from the nephron into the blood and secretes solute from the blood into the nephron

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11
Q

The Nephron

Bowman’s capsule -

A

Cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

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12
Q

The Nephron

Proximal tubule -

A

section of the nephron joining the Bowman’s capsule with the loop of Henle

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13
Q

The Nephron

Loop of Henle -

A

carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

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14
Q

The Nephron

Distal tubule -

A

conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

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15
Q

The Nephron

Collecting duct -

A

tube that carries urine from nephrons to the pelvis of a kidney

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16
Q

Filtration

A

movement of fluids from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule (not selective) *ask

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17
Q

Reabsorption

A

the transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood (active transport/selective)

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18
Q

Secretion

A

the movement of materials from the blood back into the nephron (active transport/selective)

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19
Q

Steps in formation of urine

A

Filtration - movement of fluids from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule (not selective)

Reabsorption - the transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood (active transport/selective)

Secretion - the movement of materials from the blood back into the nephron (active transport/selective)

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20
Q

Filtration

A

As blood moves from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus (capillary bed), dissolved solutes move from the walls of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule due to high pressure
Not all materials leave the blood and enter the capsule

Plasma protein, blood cells, and platelets are too large to move through the walls of the glomerulus.
Smaller molecules pass through the cell membrane and enter the nephron

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21
Q

Reabsorption

A

Why filter out materials, only to reabsorb them again
120 ml of filtrate enters the nephron per min and only forms about 1 ml of urine bc the remaining fluids are reabsorbed
If reabsorption did not occur, you would be peeing 120 ml of urine every minute

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22
Q
  1. Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Description of Process

A

Filtration of water and dissolved solutes occurs as blood is forced through walls of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule by fluid pressure in capillaries

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23
Q
  1. Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Substance Transported

A 
Sodium ions (Na+) 
Chloride ions (Cl-) 
Water (H2O) 
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Glucose 
Amino acids 
Vitamins
Minerals 
Urea 
Uric acid
24
Q
  1. Proximal tubule

Description of Process

A

Selective reabsorption of nutrients from filtrate back into blood by active and passive transport
Within proximal tubule, pH is controlled by secretion of H+ ion and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

25
Q
  1. Proximal tubule

Substance Transported

A 
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) 
Salt (NaCl) 
Water (H2O)
Potassium ions (K+) 
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Ammonia (NH3) 
Glucose 
Amino acids
Vitamins 
urea
26
Q
  1. Descending limb of loop of Henle

Description of Process

A

Permeable to water
Resulting in loss of water from filtrate by osmosis
Salt becomes concentrated in filtrate as descending limb penetrates inner medulla of kidney

27
Q
  1. Descending limb of loop of Henle

Substance Transported

A

Water (H2O)

28
Q
  1. Ascending limb of loop of Henle

Description of Process

A

Thin segment is permeable to salt
Resulting in diffusion of salt out of ascending limb
Salt continues to pass from filtrate to interstitial fluid in thick segment of ascending limb

29
Q
  1. Ascending limb of loop of Henle

Substance Transported

A

Salt (NaCl)

30
Q
  1. Distal tubule

Description of Process

A

Selective reabsorption of nutrients from blood into nephron by active transport
Help regulate potassium and salt conc’n of body fluids

31
Q
  1. Distal tubule

Substance Transported

A 
Sodium ions (Na+)
Potassium ions (K+) 
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) 
Water (H2O) 
Hydrogen ions (H+)
Uric acid 
Ammonia
32
Q
  1. Collecting duct

Description of Process

A

Urine formation

33
Q
  1. Collecting duct

Substance Transported

A 
Salt (NaCl) 
Water (H2O)
Urea 
Uric acid 
Minerals
34
Q

Secretion

A

Active transport of K+, N-molecules, H+ into nephron

Occurs in the Distal Tubule

35
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

a hormone that causes the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, regulating osmotic pressure of body fluids and fluid volume

36
Q

When ADH is released

A

more concentrated urine is produced, thereby conserving body water

37
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

specialized nerve cells in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood and surrounding extracellular fluids (ECF)

38
Q

Decrease in water intake (or increase water loss)

A

blood solutes become more concentrated → increases blood osmotic pressure

39
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

conc’n of solute in blood

40
Q

regulating adh, water

A

So water moves into the bloodstream, causing cells of the hypothalamus to shrink
A nerve message is sent, signalling the release of ADH
By reabsorbing more water, the kidneys produce a more concentrated urine, preventing the osmotic pressure of the body fluids from increasing any further

41
Q

ADH and the Nephron (3)

A

Without ADH, the rest of the tubule remains impermeable to water. But continues to actively transport Na+ ion from the tubules

ADH makes the upper part of the distal tubule and collecting duct permeable to water
When permeable, the high conc’n of NaCl in the intercellular space creates an osmotic pressure that draws water from the upper section of the distal tubule and collecting duct

As water passes from nephron to intercellular spaces and the blood, the urine becomes more concentrated

42
Q

Kidneys and Blood Pressure

A

Kidneys regular BP by adjusting blood volumes

43
Q

Aldosterone -

A

a hormone that increases Na+ reabsorption from the distal tubule and collecting duct

44
Q

pH of body is b/w

A

7.3 and 7.5

45
Q

During cellular respiration, cells produce CO2 which forms

A

carbonic acid.
Carbonic acid and other excess acids ionize to produce H+ ions
The buildup of H+ ions lowers the pH

46
Q

An acid-base balance is maintained by buffer systems that absorb excess H+ ions or ions that act as bases

A

Excess H+ ions are buffered by bicarbonate ions in the blood, carbonic acid is produced
Carbonic acid breaks down to form carbon dioxide and water
CO2 is transported to lungs

Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) eliminate the excess H+ ions, preventing a change in pH

47
Q

Diabetes Mellitus CAUSE

A

inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells in the pancreas

48
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

EFFECT:

A

without insulin, blood sugar levels rise

Excess sugar remains in the nephron and provides an osmotic pressure that opposes the osmotic pressure created
Water remains in the nephron and is lost with the urine
Releases large volumes of urine = thirsty
The water lost with the excreted sugar must be replenished

49
Q

Diabetes Insipidus CAUSE

A

destruction of ADH-producing cells of the hypothalamus

Or destruction of the nerve tracts leading from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

50
Q

Diabetes Insipidus EFFECT

A

without ADH to regulate water reabsorption, urine output increases dramatically
Must drink large quantities of water

51
Q

Bright’s Disease CAUSE

A

AKA. Nephritis
Inflammation of nephrons

AFFECTS:
Tiny blood vessels of the glomerulus
CAUSE: toxins produced by invading microbes

52
Q

Bright’s Disease

A

EFFECT: destroy the tiny blood vessels, altering the permeability of the nephron
Proteins and other large molecules are able to pass into the nephron
Proteins remain in the nephron and create an osmotic pressure that draws water into the nephron
Increases the output of urine

53
Q

Kidney Stones

CAUSE:

A

the precipitation of mineral solute from the blood

54
Q

Kidney Stones CATEGORIES:

A

Alkaline or Acid Stones

Sharp-sided stones can lodge in the renal pelvis or move into the narrow ureter

55
Q

Kidney Stones EFFECT:

A

delicate tissues are torn as the stones move to the bladder

Can move to the excretory passage and lodge in the urethra, causing pain as it moves

Biology 12U (8 decks)

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