Endocrine System Flashcards

8.1 INTRO TO ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 8.2 HORMONES THAT AFFECT BLOOD SUGAR 8.5 REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

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1
Q

In 1889, scientists removed the pancreas from dogs and found that:

A

Rapid weight loss
Fatigued
Ants began gathering in the kennel

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2
Q

Endocrine System

Is an

Designed to

Stimulated by

A

Is an information signal system that uses blood vessels as information channels

Designed to maintain control over a long duration

Stimulated by the pituitary, secrete chemicals that affect the nerve activity of the hypothalamus

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3
Q

Nervous System

Is an

Designed to

Stimulated by

A

Is an information signal system that uses nerves to conduct information

Designed to adjust quickly to changes in the environment

Hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland through nerve stimulation

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4
Q

The nervous system and endocrine system interact and work together to

A

provide control of organs and tissues

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5
Q

The Endocrine System Instrumental in regulating bodily process such as

A

Metabolism
Growth/development
Tissue function
Mood

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6
Q

The Endocrine System

An integrated system of

A

small organs that involve the release of signaling molecules known as HORMONES

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7
Q

Hormone

A

chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect another part of the body
Only a small amount required to alter cell metabolism

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8
Q

2 Types of Hormones

A

Steroid/Lipid Hormones

Protein/Peptide Hormones

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9
Q

Steroid/Lipid Hormones

A

Made from cholesterol and includes male and female sex hormones and cortisol
They are not soluble in water but are soluble in fat
Cortisol - hormone that stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver
Eg. estrogen

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10
Q

Protein/Peptide Hormones

A

They contain chains of amino acids of varying length and are soluble in water
Eg. insulin and growth hormone

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11
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Hormone diffuse from capillaries and into the target cells

Then, it combines w/ receptor molecules in the cytoplasm

This Hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus, attaches to a segment of chromatin that has a complementary shape, activating a gene

So a message is sent to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to produce a specific protein

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12
Q

Protein Hormones

A

Protein hormones combine with receptors on the cell membrane

Activates production of an enzyme which causes the cell to convert ATP into cAMP

cAMP functions as a messenger, activating enzymes in the cytoplasm to carry out normal function

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13
Q

Pancreas

A

Pancreas contains 2 types of cells: Hormone-producing cells and Digestive-enzyme-producing cells

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14
Q

Adrenal Glands location and made up of

A

Location: above each kidney

Made up of 2 glands encased in one shell: adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex

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15
Q

Insulin

Location of hormone production
Effect

A

Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)

Increases permeability of cells to glucose; increase glucose uptake
Allows for the conversion of glucose to glycogen
Result: decrease in blood sugar

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16
Q

Glucagon

Location of hormone production
Effect

A

Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Result: increase in blood sugar

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17
Q

Cortisol

Location of hormone production
Effect

A

Adrenal cortex

Promotes the conversion of amino acids to glucose
Promotes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids
Decreases glucose uptake by the muscles (no by the brain)
Results: increase in blood sugar in response to stress

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18
Q

Testes

A

Produce sperm cells

Produce the hormone testosterone

19
Q

Males sex hormone (testosterone) promotes

A

the development of facial and body hair
the growth of the larynx, lowering the voice
the strengthening of muscles
secretion of body oils (connected to development of acne)
Increase in oil production can create body odour

20
Q

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain control the production of sperm and male sex hormones in the testes

A

Negative feedback systems

Hypothalamus secretes the GnRH

21
Q

FSH acts on sperm-producing cells

A

FSH also causes sertoli cells to release a hormone called inhibin
Inhibin inhibits the production of FSH (by acting on anterior pituitary)

22
Q

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

High levels of testosterone inhibits LH production (by deactivating hypothalamus)

23
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary

24
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

in male, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone

25
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

in male, hormone that increases sperm production

26
Q

The Female Menstrual Cycle

A

Ovarian Cycle: an egg matures (from a primary oocyte) and is released
Uterine Cycle: the endometrium (lining) of the uterus builds up (becomes ready to have a fertilized egg

27
Q

Ovarian Cycle:

A

an egg matures (from a primary oocyte) and is released

28
Q

Uterine Cycle:

A

the endometrium (lining) of the uterus builds up (becomes ready to have a fertilized egg

29
Q

The Role of FSH and LH: Pituitary Hormones

A
An oocyte (egg) & the cells around it are called the follicle 
Usually, only one follicle fully matures during each ovarian cycle. FSH matures the follicle
30
Q

Ovulation -

A

The release of an egg (oocyte) from the follicle inside the ovary is triggered by a surge of LH

31
Q

The Role Of Estrogen and Progesterone (Ovarian Hormones)

A

The corpus luteum is the remaining cells of the follicle after ovulation
The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for approximately 2 weeks → maintains the thickness of the endometrium
Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg
If no fertilization occurs, the egg degenerates → and the endometrium is no longer maintained and is shed from the uterus
Estrogen and Progesterone also control FSH and LH

32
Q

Pituitary Hormones

A

LH and FSH control ovulation and the maturation of the follicle to release an egg

33
Q

Ovarian Hormones

A

Estrogen and Progesterone
Control FSH and LH production
Sexual characteristics and prepare the uterine wall for egg implantation

34
Q

GnRH released from hypothalamus

A

causes the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland

35
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • FSH stimulate follicular development
    • causes follicles to release estrogen
    • estrogen initiates endometrium development
    • ↑ estrogen produce (-) feedback to pituitary to reduce FSH
    • ↑ estrogen produce (+) feedback to LH-producing cells of the pituitary gland
36
Q

Ovulation Phase

A
  • rising LH levels (LH surge) → oocyte burst out of follicle (ovulation)
37
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • remaining cells (under influence of LH) transformed into corpus luteum
  • release of estrogen and progesterone
    • continue endometrium development
    • (-) feedback to pituitary to reduce LH and FSH
    • so ↓ in estrogen + progesterone → corpus luteum deteriorates
38
Q

Flow Phase

A
  • declining estrogen and progesterone signals uterine contractions … menstrual bleed
39
Q
FLOW
Phase
Description of Events
Hormone Produced
Days
A

Menstruation

1 - 5

40
Q
FOLLICULAR
Phase
Description of Events
Hormone Produced
Days
A

Follicles develop in ovaries
Endometrium is restored

Estrogen produced by follicle cells

6 - 13

41
Q
OVULATION
Phase
Description of Events
Hormone Produced
Days
A

Oocyte bursts from ovary

14

42
Q
LUTEAL 
Phase
Description of Events
Hormone Produced
Days
A

Corpus luteum forms and endometrium thickens

Estrogen and progesterone
15 - 28

43
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • in females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovary
44
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

in females, a gonadotropin that promotes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum