Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Priming

Answer 1

2 ATP gets reacted with glucose, resulting in a 6 carbon diphosphate (F6P) and 2 ADP + 2 Pi

Question 2

Cleavage

Answer 2

6 carbon molecules w/ 2 phosphate splits into 2, forming 2 three-carbon sugar phosphates

Question 3

Phosphorylation/Harvest

Answer 3

2 pyruvates are formed in a series of reactions involving NAD+ and ADP, which results in the products (4 ATP and 2 NADH) of glycolysis

Question 4

REACTANTS of glycolysis

Answer 4

6 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + 2 Pi

Question 5

PRODUCTS of glycolysis

Answer 5

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ADP

Question 6

LOCATION of Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 6

Matrix

Question 7

STEPS of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 7

2 pyruvate molecules release 2 CO2 molecules (decarboxylation)
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Addition of Coenzyme-A
Produces Acetyl-CoA

Question 8

REACTANTS of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 8

2 pyruvate molecules, NAD+, Coenzyme A

Question 9

PRODUCTS of Pyruvate oxidation

Answer 9

2CO2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA

Question 10

• when ATP conc’n is high,

Answer 10

Acetyl-CoA can be used to make fat for energy storage

Question 11

• when ATP conc’n is low,

Answer 11

Acetyl-CoA can be used to make ATP

Question 12

Krebs cycle LOCATION:

Answer 12

matrix

Question 13

Krebs cycle purpose

Answer 13

to break down acetyl-CoA

Question 14

STEPS of krebs cycle

Answer 14

Acetyl-CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate and produces citrate and CoA as by-product
Releases 3 NADH + 3 H, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP and 2 CO2 in its steps and eventually come full circle to make oxaloacetate again

Question 15

REACTANTS of krebs cycle

Answer 15

Oxaloacetate, Acetyl-CoA, ADP + Pi, 3 NAD+, FAD

Question 16

PRODUCTS of Krebs cycle

Answer 16

Oxaloacetate, Co A, ATP, 3 NADH + 3 H+, 2 CO2, FADH2

Question 17

EXTRA Krebs cycle

Answer 17

2 cycles for every 1 molecules of glucose

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + 3 NAD+ + FAD → Oxaloacetate + CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + 2CO2 + FADH2

Question 18

ETC Location

Answer 18

Cristae (flap folds in membrane)

Question 19

PURPOSE of ETC:

Answer 19

to transfer energy to an electrochemical gradient by pumping H+ ions into an intermembrane space

Question 20

STEPS of ETC

Answer 20

NADH start the ETC by donating electrons to protein complex 1.
Electrons move through the chain, reducing and oxidizing the next protein complex
Each protein complex is alternately reduced (by gaining two electrons from the component before it) and oxidized (by losing two electrons to the component after it)
Each next electron acceptor is more stable than the last (until you reach oxygen, the most electronegative), meaning that energy is released in each part of the chain
The free energy created by the electrons moving from one protein complex to the other is used to move the H+ ions in the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Creates electrochemical gradient

Question 21

REACTANTS ETC

Answer 21

NADH, FADH2, 2H+ + ½ O2

Question 22

PRODUCTS ETC

Answer 22

NAD+, FAD, H2O

Question 23

Chemiosmosis Location

Answer 23

Cristae

Question 24

Chemiosmosis PURPOSE:

Answer 24

a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

Question 25

Chemiosmosis STEPS:

Answer 25

The protons from the intermembrane space must pass through the ATP synthase to diffuse through (cannot go through bilayer) The free energy stored in the gradient produces a proton-motive force (PMF) that moves protons through and ATPase complex This energy drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate in the matrix ATP made by chemiosmosis exits the cell by facilitated diffusion to power endergonic processes of the human body (i.e. movement, active transport, synthesis reactions, etc.)

Question 26

Chemiosmosis REACTANTS:

Answer 26

ADP + Pi

Question 27

Chemiosmosis PRODUCTS:

Answer 27

ATP

Question 28

ATP yield is usually lower b/c:

Answer 28

Protons can leak through the inner mitochondrial membrane w/o passing through the ATP synthase complex Some energy is used to transport ATP out of the mitochondria for use in the cytoplasm

Question 29

What are uncouplers?

Answer 29

An agent that dissociates the phosphorylation that occurs in electron transport.

Question 30

How do they interfere with ATP production

Answer 30

This prevents the formation of ATP. Allows H+ ions to go through the membrane without doing anything A coupled reaction: endergonic (i.e. proton down concentration gradient needs to be coupled to ATP formation. An uncoupler separates these two--ADP+Pi and proton)

Question 31

Dangers of DNP as a weight loss pill

Answer 31

It stops the mitochondria in your cells from absorbing the energy that has just been released from your body breaking down your food. That energy needs to go somewhere. So it becomes heat.

Question 32

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 32

Metabolic pathway in which an inorganic molecule (other than oxygen) is used as the final electron acceptor during chemiosmosis AKA when oxygen is not available, the body kicks into anaerobic respiration

Question 33

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 33

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

Question 34

Alcoholic fermentation main steps

Answer 34

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate Pyruvate is decarboxylated forming acetaldehyde 2 CO2 is released NADH passes its H+ ions to acetaldehyde, regenerating NAD+ Ethanol is formed

Question 35

Alcoholic fermentation PURPOSE

Answer 35

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes it hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

Question 36

Alcoholic fermentation Reactants

Answer 36

2 pyruvate, 2 ADP + P, 2 NAD+, 2 Acetaldehyde

Question 37

Alcoholic fermentation Products

Answer 37

2 Acetaldehyde, 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol, 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+

Question 38

Lactic acid fermentation

Answer 38

A form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactate

Question 39

Lactic acid fermentation Main steps

Answer 39

Glucose is converted into pyruvate NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate Pyruvate is converted into lactate

Question 40

Lactic acid fermentation Purpose

Answer 40

a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+, and producing lactic acid.

Question 41

Lactic acid fermentation Reactants

Answer 41

2 pyruvate, 2 ADP + 2 P, NAD+

Question 42

Lactic acid fermentation Products

Answer 42

2 Lactate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH + 2 H+

Question 43

Thermodynamics | 1st Law

Answer 43

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form into another If an object or process gains an amount of energy, it does so at the expense of a loss in energy somewhere else in the universe

Question 44

2nd law

Answer 44

The entropy of the universe increases w/ any change that occurs

Question 45

What is entropy?

Answer 45

A measure of the randomness or disorder in a collection of objects or energy In a chemical reaction, entropy increases when: Solid → liquid or gas Liquid → gas Few moles of reactant create a greater # of moles of product molecules Complex to simple molecules (polymers → monomers) (glucose → CO2 + H2O) Diffusion

Question 46

What is free energy?

Answer 46

Energy that can do useful work | Gibbs Free Energy (delta G) = enthalpy (delta H) - temperature x entropy (delta S)

Question 47

Is cellular respiration spontaneous? why or or why not? Is it exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 47

Cellular respiration is spontaneous because it is an exergonic reaction. More energy is released during bonding formation than absorbed during breaking bonds. This means that there is a decrease in enthalpy (delta H) and an increase in entropy (delta S, which is favoured).

Question 48

Is photosynthesis spontaneous

Answer 48

Photosynthesis is not spontaneous because it's endothermic and a has decrease in entropy