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Biology 12U > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Priming

A

2 ATP gets reacted with glucose, resulting in a 6 carbon diphosphate (F6P) and 2 ADP + 2 Pi

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2
Q

Cleavage

A

6 carbon molecules w/ 2 phosphate splits into 2, forming 2 three-carbon sugar phosphates

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3
Q

Phosphorylation/Harvest

A

2 pyruvates are formed in a series of reactions involving NAD+ and ADP, which results in the products (4 ATP and 2 NADH) of glycolysis

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4
Q

REACTANTS of glycolysis

A

6 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + 2 Pi

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5
Q

PRODUCTS of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ADP

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6
Q

LOCATION of Pyruvate oxidation

A

Matrix

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7
Q

STEPS of pyruvate oxidation

A

2 pyruvate molecules release 2 CO2 molecules (decarboxylation)
NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Addition of Coenzyme-A
Produces Acetyl-CoA

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8
Q

REACTANTS of pyruvate oxidation

A

2 pyruvate molecules, NAD+, Coenzyme A

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9
Q

PRODUCTS of Pyruvate oxidation

A

2CO2, NADH, Acetyl-CoA

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10
Q
  • when ATP conc’n is high,
A

Acetyl-CoA can be used to make fat for energy storage

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11
Q
  • when ATP conc’n is low,
A

Acetyl-CoA can be used to make ATP

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12
Q

Krebs cycle LOCATION:

A

matrix

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13
Q

Krebs cycle purpose

A

to break down acetyl-CoA

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14
Q

STEPS of krebs cycle

A

Acetyl-CoA reacts with Oxaloacetate and produces citrate and CoA as by-product
Releases 3 NADH + 3 H, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP and 2 CO2 in its steps and eventually come full circle to make oxaloacetate again

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15
Q

REACTANTS of krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate, Acetyl-CoA, ADP + Pi, 3 NAD+, FAD

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16
Q

PRODUCTS of Krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate, Co A, ATP, 3 NADH + 3 H+, 2 CO2, FADH2

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17
Q

EXTRA Krebs cycle

A

2 cycles for every 1 molecules of glucose

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + 3 NAD+ + FAD → Oxaloacetate + CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + 2CO2 + FADH2

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18
Q

ETC Location

A

Cristae (flap folds in membrane)

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19
Q

PURPOSE of ETC:

A

to transfer energy to an electrochemical gradient by pumping H+ ions into an intermembrane space

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20
Q

STEPS of ETC

A

NADH start the ETC by donating electrons to protein complex 1.
Electrons move through the chain, reducing and oxidizing the next protein complex
Each protein complex is alternately reduced (by gaining two electrons from the component before it) and oxidized (by losing two electrons to the component after it)
Each next electron acceptor is more stable than the last (until you reach oxygen, the most electronegative), meaning that energy is released in each part of the chain
The free energy created by the electrons moving from one protein complex to the other is used to move the H+ ions in the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space
Creates electrochemical gradient

21
Q

REACTANTS ETC

A

NADH, FADH2, 2H+ + ½ O2

22
Q

PRODUCTS ETC

A

NAD+, FAD, H2O

23
Q

Chemiosmosis Location

A

Cristae

24
Q

Chemiosmosis PURPOSE:

A

a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

25
Q

Chemiosmosis STEPS:

A

The protons from the intermembrane space must pass through the ATP synthase to diffuse through (cannot go through bilayer)
The free energy stored in the gradient produces a proton-motive force (PMF) that moves protons through and ATPase complex
This energy drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate in the matrix
ATP made by chemiosmosis exits the cell by facilitated diffusion to power endergonic processes of the human body (i.e. movement, active transport, synthesis reactions, etc.)

26
Q

Chemiosmosis REACTANTS:

A

ADP + Pi

27
Q

Chemiosmosis PRODUCTS:

A

ATP

28
Q

ATP yield is usually lower b/c:

A

Protons can leak through the inner mitochondrial membrane w/o passing through the ATP synthase complex
Some energy is used to transport ATP out of the mitochondria for use in the cytoplasm

29
Q

What are uncouplers?

A

An agent that dissociates the phosphorylation that occurs in electron transport.

30
Q

How do they interfere with ATP production

A

This prevents the formation of ATP.
Allows H+ ions to go through the membrane without doing anything
A coupled reaction: endergonic (i.e. proton down concentration gradient needs to be coupled to ATP formation. An uncoupler separates these two–ADP+Pi and proton)

31
Q

Dangers of DNP as a weight loss pill

A

It stops the mitochondria in your cells from absorbing the energy that has just been released from your body breaking down your food. That energy needs to go somewhere. So it becomes heat.

32
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Metabolic pathway in which an inorganic molecule (other than oxygen) is used as the final electron acceptor during chemiosmosis
AKA when oxygen is not available, the body kicks into anaerobic respiration

33
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes its hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

34
Q

Alcoholic fermentation main steps

A

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate
Pyruvate is decarboxylated forming acetaldehyde
2 CO2 is released
NADH passes its H+ ions to acetaldehyde, regenerating NAD+
Ethanol is formed

35
Q

Alcoholic fermentation PURPOSE

A

A form of fermentation occurring in yeast in which NADH passes it hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, generating CO2, ethanol, and NAD+

36
Q

Alcoholic fermentation Reactants

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ADP + P, 2 NAD+, 2 Acetaldehyde

37
Q

Alcoholic fermentation Products

A

2 Acetaldehyde, 2 CO2, 2 Ethanol, 2 ATP, 2 NADH + H+

38
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

A form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+ and lactate

39
Q

Lactic acid fermentation Main steps

A

Glucose is converted into pyruvate
NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate
Pyruvate is converted into lactate

40
Q

Lactic acid fermentation Purpose

A

a form of fermentation occurring in animal cells in which NADH transfers its H atoms to pyruvate, regenerating NAD+, and producing lactic acid.

41
Q

Lactic acid fermentation Reactants

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ADP + 2 P, NAD+

42
Q

Lactic acid fermentation Products

A

2 Lactate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH + 2 H+

43
Q

Thermodynamics

1st Law

A

the total amount of energy in the universe is constant
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted from one form into another
If an object or process gains an amount of energy, it does so at the expense of a loss in energy somewhere else in the universe

44
Q

2nd law

A

The entropy of the universe increases w/ any change that occurs

45
Q

What is entropy?

A

A measure of the randomness or disorder in a collection of objects or energy
In a chemical reaction, entropy increases when:
Solid → liquid or gas
Liquid → gas
Few moles of reactant create a greater # of moles of product molecules
Complex to simple molecules (polymers → monomers) (glucose → CO2 + H2O)
Diffusion

46
Q

What is free energy?

A

Energy that can do useful work

Gibbs Free Energy (delta G) = enthalpy (delta H) - temperature x entropy (delta S)

47
Q

Is cellular respiration spontaneous? why or or why not? Is it exergonic or endergonic?

A

Cellular respiration is spontaneous because it is an exergonic reaction. More energy is released during bonding formation than absorbed during breaking bonds. This means that there is a decrease in enthalpy (delta H) and an increase in entropy (delta S, which is favoured).

48
Q

Is photosynthesis spontaneous

A

Photosynthesis is not spontaneous because it’s endothermic and a has decrease in entropy

Biology 12U (8 decks)

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