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Physiology Final > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The 5 Functions of urinary system

A
  1. regulation of water and inorganic balance
  2. excretion of metabolic waste products
  3. elimination of some foreign chemicals
  4. Glucogenesis
  5. production of hormones and enzymes
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2
Q

Four main parts of the kidney

A

renal capsule
renal cortex
renal medulla
ureter

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3
Q

Ureter

A

tube leading from kidney

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4
Q

types of nephron and where they are located

A

cortical nephron: renal cortex

juxtamedullary nephron: renal medulla

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5
Q

nephron functions

A
  1. filtration of material from blood to lumen
  2. secretion of material from blood to lumen
  3. reabsorption of material from lumen to blood
  4. excretion of materials from lumen to external environment
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6
Q

What’s the importance of renal corpuscle

A

solids and fluds move through it from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule to be filtered from the blood to lumen

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7
Q

Filtration: Insulin

A

completely filtered no reabsorption

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8
Q

Filtration: glucose

A

somewhat filtered and completely reabsorbed

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9
Q

Filtration: Penicillin

A

somewhat filtered, more secreted, none reabsorbed

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10
Q

Filtration: Urea

A

somewhat filtered and half is reabsorbed, 50% excreted

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11
Q

Calculate total amount excreted

A

amount filtered-amount reabsorbed+amount secreted=amount excreted

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12
Q

Major constituents of filtrate

A
  1. water
  2. sodium
  3. glucose
  4. urea
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13
Q

Flow of fluid in the nephron

A
  1. bowman’s space -> Proximal tube -> loop of Hnele-> distal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct system
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14
Q

fenestra

A

small holes in glomerlular capillaries that facilitate fluid transport from capillaries into filtration slits of podocytes

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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus function

A

regulates function of each nephron

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16
Q

Where does blood enter the glomerulus

A

afferent arterioles

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17
Q

Where does blood exit the glomerulus

A

efferent arterioles

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18
Q

macula densa cells function

A

detects NaCl levels in distal tubule and secrete vasoconstrictors afferent arterioles -> ecrease GFR

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19
Q

how does filtration increase

A

vasodilation of afferent arteriole

vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole

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20
Q

Find net glomerular filtration pressure

A

GFP = glomerular capillary blood pressure-bowman’s space pressure - osmotic pressure

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21
Q

Factors that increase Glomerular capillary blood pressure

A
  1. increase in renal arterial pressure
  2. decrease in afferent arteriole resistance via vasodilation
  3. increase in efferent arteriole resistance via faso constriction
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22
Q

Factors that increase bowman’s space pressure

A
  1. increase in intralobular pressure because of obstruction of tubule or extrarenal urinary pathways
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23
Q

factors that increase osmotic pressure

A
  1. increase amount of protein
  2. increase in osmotic pressure of systemic circulation
  3. decrease in renal plasma flow
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24
Q

Calculation of glomerular filtration rate

A

filtration coefficient * GFP

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25
Q

factors that increase filtration coefficient

A
  1. decrease in molecule size
  2. increase in electrical charge (become more positive)
  3. increase in glomerular surface area
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26
Q

how does renin affect blood pressure, outline the angiotensin-renin process

A
  1. Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
  2. angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiontensin Ii
  3. angiotensin II causes an increase in blood pressure (increases renal blood flow and filtration)
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27
Q

angiotensin II effects

A

INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE
vasoconstriction in cardiovascular system
increases salt and H2O retention in kidney
produces aldosterone in adrenal cortex

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28
Q

which cells secrete renin

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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29
Q

luminal section of plasma membrane

A

faces the filtrate in the tubular lumen

30
Q

basolateral section

A

faces the peritublar capillary

31
Q

Outline the movement of Na+ from tubule lumen into proximal tubule cell

A
  1. diffusion through a sodium channel
  2. cotransport with organic molecules
  3. counter transport with hydrogen ions
32
Q

outline the transport of Na+ from proximal tubule cell into interstitial fluid

A

active transport: Na+ into interstitial fluid - K+ into tubular cells via NaK ATPase

33
Q

Effects of Sodium transport into interstitial fluid

A
  1. Na+ reabsorbed into bloodstream
  2. whatever transported with it gets reabsorbed also
  3. K+ enters urine
  4. water enters urine
34
Q

renal threshold

A

concentration of solute in plasma at the maximum transport rate

35
Q

Loop of Henle process: Thin descending limb

A

water diffuses out, highly permeable to water

36
Q

Loop of Henle process: Thick ascending limb

A

Na-K-2Cl symporter pumps Na+, K+, and 2 Cl- out of tubuar lumen
K+: recycled back in through K+ channels

37
Q

Loop of Henle process: Thin ascending limb

A

permeable to NaCl, impermeable to water

38
Q

Purpose of counter-current multiplier system and where

A

objective to build a gradient
using energy
In loop of henle

39
Q

Purpose of counter-current osmotic exchanger and where

A

no energy
diffusion preserves gradient
In Vasa recta

40
Q

what determines ability to concentrate urine

A

relative thickness of renal medulla

41
Q

hormonal response to dehydration: vasopressin

A
  1. vasopressin, ADH, creates a falcutative response( opens up water channels in collecting duct and osmolarity of urine increase
42
Q

hormonal response to dehydration: aldosterone

A

creates obligatory response: increase Na/K+ ATPase activity -> reabsorption of Na+ increases -> water reabsorption follows

43
Q

what determines transit time in a nephron

A

salt reabsorption

water reabsorption

44
Q

effect of urea in nephron

A

contributes to high osmolarity in medulla

45
Q

Renal autoregulation: myogenic response

A

if blood pressure drops or increases -> arterioles dilate or constrict-> allowsGFR to be constant over range of blood pressure

46
Q

Renal autoregulation: tubuloglomerular feedback

A

increased flow of filtrate sensed by macula dense -> it signals afferent arterioles to constrict
might use inulin to estimate rate

47
Q

Problems if GFR too high

A
  1. fluid flows through tubules to rapidly to be reabsorbed

more pee-> dehydration

48
Q

Problems if GFR too low

A

tubules reabsorb wastes that should be eliminated

Asotemia: high levels of Na in blood

49
Q

Regulate GFR (sympathetic system)

A

release norepinephrine epinephrine, or stimulates renin-angiotensin mechanism - vasoconstriction
blood shunted away from kidneys

50
Q

what stimulates the release of renin

A
  1. direct sympathetic enervation
  2. intra-renal barorecptors
  3. macula dense cells sense sodium
51
Q

what is atrial natriuretic peptide

A

ANP is secreted when blood volume increase stretches atria

  1. promotes vasodilation-> increase in GFR
  2. inhibits sodium reabsorption
  3. inhibits aldosterone
52
Q

natiuresis

A

increased levels of sodium in urine

53
Q

aldosterone

A

increases sodium reabsorption when there is too much potassium

54
Q

Parathormone

A

regulates Ca2+ when decrease in Ca2+ plasma concentration

55
Q

what is sweating caused by

A

decrease plasma volume, bp -> increase in plasma osmolarity -> fluid pulled from intracellular fluid

56
Q

What are the consequences of sweating

A
  1. decrease GFR

2. increase aldosterone, vasopressin, angiotensin II

57
Q

Thirst is promoted by

A
  1. decrease in plasma volume and blood pressure-> increase angiotensin II levels
  2. increase in plasma osmolarity-> trigger osmoreceptors
  3. dry mouth and throat
58
Q

thirst inhibited by

A

metering of water intake by GI tract

59
Q

response to acidosis

A

glutamine cotransported with Na+ ion tubule cell and broken down into bicarbonate which acts as a buffer

60
Q

acute renal failure

A

ability of kidneys to excrete wastes and regulate blood volume, pH and electrolytes is impaired

61
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli

62
Q

renal insufficiency

A

nephrons have been decreased due to disease

63
Q

uremia

A

high plasma urea levels

64
Q

hemodialysis

A

patiens’ blood passed through dialysis machine which separates molecules on ability to diffuse through selectively permeable membrane-> urea and wastes removed
to help renal insufficiency

65
Q

peristalsis

A

moves urine through ureters from renal elvis to urinary bladder

66
Q

trigone

A

region ureters enter bladder through

67
Q

urine movement

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure forces urine through nephrons
  2. peristalsis moves urine through ureters from renal pelvis to urinary bladder
  3. ureters enter bladder obliquely through region called trigone
68
Q

neuron control

A
  1. Stretch receptors detect filling of bladder-> afferent signals to spinal cord
  2. Signals sent back via parasympathetic fibers via pelvic nerve (from S2 and
    S3 spinal cord segments)
  3. Efferent signals excite detrusor muscle
  4. Involuntary control: Efferent signals relax internal urethral sphincter
    (involuntary unless inhibited by brain)
  5. Voluntary control: Micturition center in pons receives signals from stretch
    receptors
  6. Time to urinate: pons returns signals to spinal interneurons that
    excite detrusor and relax internal urethral sphincter -> urine voided
  7. Not time to urinate: pons returns signals to spinal interneurons
    that keep external urehtral sphincter contracted -> urine retained
  8. Time now: signals from pons cease and external sphinter
    relaxes->urine voided
69
Q

micturition reflex

A

Filling bladder stimulates stretch receptors ->parasympathetic fibers
inhibit contraction of external urethral sphincter and stimulate contraction
of detrusor muscle

70
Q

diuretics

A

Mechanism: increase GFR and decrease tubular reabsorption
o Effect: increase urine output, decrease blood volume
o Purpose: for hypertension and congestive heart failure

Physiology Final (4 decks)

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