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Physiology Final > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

process of exchanging gases between atmosphere and body cells

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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3
Q

external respiration

A

air into lungs; gas exchange

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4
Q

transport of respiratory gases

A

gases in blood transported from lungs to body cells and back oto lungs

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5
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases at body capillaries

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6
Q

cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen by cells to produce energy

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7
Q

5 types of gas change

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
  5. cellular respiration
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8
Q

Functions of respiratory system

A
  1. provide O2
  2. eliminate CO2
  3. regulate blood pH
  4. form phonation
  5. defend aginst microbes
  6. influence arterial concentrations of chemical messengers
  7. trap and dissolve blood clots
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9
Q

General characteristics of upper respiratory organs(UROs)

A

lined with mucous membranes
epithelial tissue and connective tissue with goblet cells
pseduostratified columnar epithelial tissue - goblet cells (secrete mucus to trap debris) and cilia to beat debris

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10
Q

organs of upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Naval Cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx

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11
Q

nasal cavity structure and function

A

Structure: three nasal conchae - superior, middle, and inferior
Function: warm and moisten incoming air, increase turbulence of air to better warm, moisten and filter

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12
Q

Paranasal sinuses structure and function

A

Structure: 4 skull bones - frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary
function: drain into nasal cavity, resonating chambers for speech

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13
Q

Pharynx structure and function

A

(Throat)
structure: wall of skeletal muscle
separated into three parts: Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Function: resonant chamber for speech sounds, passageway for air and food

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14
Q

Organs of Lower respiratory tract

A
  1. Larynx
  2. Trachea
  3. Bronchial tree
  4. Alveoli
  5. Lungs
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15
Q

Larynx Structure and function

A

structure:
1. 9 pieces of cartilage_- thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages
2. Upper ventricular folds (false vocal folds) and lower vocal folds( true)
Function: (Voicebox)
voice production and varying it

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16
Q

Glottis

A

space between upper ventricular folds and lower vocal folds in larynx

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17
Q

types of speech production in larynx

A
  1. excitation
  2. whispering
  3. modulation
  4. articulatory phonetics
  5. acoustic phonetics
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18
Q

Trachea structure and function

A

(WINDPIPE)
Structure: 16-20 incomplete C-RINGS of cartilage
Function: support against collapse, continue to warm and filter air

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19
Q

Carina

A

point in trachea to divide into right and left bronchus

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20
Q

Bronchial Tree Structure and function

A

Structure: Branches in order of Primary Bronchus, secondary and tertiary bronchii, intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

  1. Decrease in cartilage and increase in smooth muscle
  2. Epithelium changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar
    epithelium to non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium in terminal
    bronchioles

Function:: allows bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

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21
Q

Alveoli function and structure

A

Structure: wall of type 1 alveolar cells (Simple squamous lining) and type II alveolar cells (secrete surfactant) and macrophages
Alveolar capillary membrane
function: rapid diffusion of gases from high to low concentration

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22
Q

Lungs

A

structure: covered by serous membranes - visceral pleara and parietal pleura
lung divided into lobes, right lung into 3, and left lung into 2
lobes divide to lobules

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23
Q

pleura membranes

A

membranes lungs covered by - high surface tension

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24
Q

methods of speech analysis

A
  1. time analysis, time vs. amplitude
  2. spectral analysis, frequency vs. dB
  3. spectogram analysis, time vs. frequency
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25
Q

surfactant

A

chemical substance that reduces surface tension so pressure in alveoli is constant despite range of r values
prevents alveloar collapse during respiration
also prevents bacterial invasion and cleans alveoli surface

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26
Q

Parts of conducting zone

A
  1. trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchioles
  4. Terminal Bronchioles
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27
Q

Function of conducting zone

A
  1. acts as a low-resistance pathway to airflow
  2. defense against microbes, toxic chemicals
  3. warms and moistens air
  4. phonates
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28
Q

Parts of respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. alveolar sacs
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29
Q

Function of respiratory zone

A

Where gas exchange takes place

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30
Q

what drives the ventilation cycle

A

movement of the thoracic wall by the skeletal muscle

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31
Q

What are muscles of inspiration

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

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32
Q

muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals, abdominals

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33
Q

How does inspiration work

A
  1. diaphragm muscles push downward.
  2. size of thoracic cavity increases
  3. pressure in thoracic cavity decreases to sub atmospheric point
  4. transpulmonary pressure increases
  5. size of lung increases
  6. pressure in alveoli become sub atmospheric
  7. air rushes into alveoli to equalize pressure gradient
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34
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

pressure gradient between thoracic cavity and alveoli

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35
Q

phrenic nerves

A

sends nerve impulses that causes the skeletal muscles to contract for inhalation

36
Q

How does expiration work

A
  1. Diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax
  2. Elastic tissue of lungs and thoracic cavity recoil; the surface tension
    collapses alveolar walls
  3. Transpulmonary pressure moves back to preinspiration value
  4. Tissues recoil around lung, returning lung to preinspiration size
  5. Air in the alveoli becomes compressed, increasing alveolar
    pressure to a value larger than atmospheric pressure
  6. Air flows out of lungs
37
Q

How does Heimlich maneuver work

A

decrease volume of thoracic cavity, increasing alveolar pressure -> object ejected

38
Q

How is lung volume measured

A

spirometer - measures inspired and expired volumes

39
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air that enters lungs during inspiration and leaves during expiration

40
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal tidal inspiration

41
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal tidal respiration

42
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air that always remains in lungs

43
Q

Vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum exhalation
VC=TV +IRV+ERV

44
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
IC=TV+IRV

45
Q

function residual capacity

A

amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration

46
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of air left in lungs after tidal expiration

FRC=ERV + RV

47
Q

dead space

A

area when air is inhaled and not used

48
Q

calculate ventilation

A

ventilation = tidal volume x frequency

49
Q

dead space calculation

A

amount inspired x Frequency

50
Q

alveolar ventilation calculation

A

ventilation - dead space

51
Q

hypoventilation conditions

A

alveolar ventilation = 0 ml/min
fast breathing
ex: 40 breaths per minute

52
Q

hyperventilation conditions

A

alveolar ventilation large, > 4200 mL/min

slow breathing

53
Q

Mechanism of coughing

A

air is forced against closed glottis, and suddenly glottis opens so a blast of air passes upward
clears lower respiratory passages

54
Q

Mechanism of sneezing

A

air is forced against closed glottis, and glottis opens and air is directed into nasal cavity by depressing the uvula
clears upper respiratory passages

55
Q

Mechanism of laughing and crying

A

deep breath released in series of short expirations

56
Q

Mechanism of hiccuping

A

diaphragm contracts spasmodically while glottis is closed

57
Q

Mechanism of yawning

A

deep breath taken.

this is dumb

58
Q

how does hemoglobin transport oxygen

A

contains Fe2+ on heme group and bonds with oxygen -> oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

why is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve s-shaped

A

Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen increases as successive molecules of oxygen bind to hemoglobin
curve levels out as more and more hemoglobin molecules become saturation with O2

60
Q

Factors that decrease hemoglobin saturation

A
  1. pH decreases
  2. temperature decrease
  3. partial pressure of CO2 increases
  4. addition of 2,3-DPG/ 2,3-BPG
61
Q

2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid

A

addition of 2,3-DPG decreases hemoglobin saturation by allosterically interacting with deoxyhemoglobin and decreasing its affinity for oxygen

62
Q

what happens to CO2 after diffusing from tissue into the bloodstream

A
  1. 10% dissolved in plasma
  2. 20% combines with hemoglobin to form caraminohemoglobin
  3. 70% reacts in RBCs to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate
63
Q

importance of carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyst that facilitates the reaction of CO2 to carbonic acid and bicarbonate

64
Q

effects of bicarbonate in bloodstream

A
  1. increases partial pressure of CO2

2. Chloride shift: Cl- moves out of plasma into RBC to retain electrical neutrality

65
Q

How is CO2 transported from RBCs into alveoli for expiration

A
  1. 10% dissolved in the plasma diffuses into alveoli
  2. 20% as carbaminohemoglobin separates from hemoglobin and diffuses
    into alveoli
  3. 70% as carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) eventually turns back to CO2 due to the oxygenation of hemoglobin and diffuses into alveoli
66
Q

How is blood pH maintained

A
  1. bicarbonate formed from CO2 acts as a primary buffer

2. excess H+ excreted into urine

67
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

pH less than 7.35 caused by hypoventilation

rise in CO2-> rise in carbonic acid

68
Q

metabolic acid

A

too much HCO30 or too little nonvolatile acids

vomiting out stomach acid

69
Q

how is pH of blood calculated

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH= 6.1+log(HCO3-/-.03Pco2)

70
Q

Nervous system control breathing: medullary rhythmicity area

A
  1. inspiratory neurons drive inspiration
  2. expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory neurons
  3. dorsal respiratory group control basic rhythm of breathing
  4. ventral respiratory group control forceful breathing
71
Q

Nervous system control breathing: pneumotaxic area

A

control rate of breathing

72
Q

factors that affect breathing

A
  1. partial pressures of O2 and CO2
  2. acidosis (pH)
  3. degree of stretch of lung
  4. emotional state
  5. level of physical activity
73
Q

Signals regulate ventilation: O2 sensor

A

no oxygen to oxygen sensor results in K+ closing -> decrease in K+ permeability -> cell depolarizes -> exocytosis of dopamine -> dopamine attaches to dopamine receptor -> action potential in sensory neuron -> signal to medullary centers to increase ventilation

74
Q

Signals regulate ventilation: H+

A

High CO2 in blood -> high H+ binds to central chemoreceptor-> increased ventilation from respiratory control centers in brain

75
Q

hypoxia

A

O2 deficiency at tissue level

76
Q

hypoxic- hypoxia

A

Pressure of oxygen of arterial blood reduced

77
Q

anemia hypoxia

A

low hemoglobin content

78
Q

stagnant hypoxia

A

low blood flow

79
Q

histoxic hypoxia

A

inhibition of tissue oxidative processes

80
Q

acclimitization- hypoxic ventilatory response

A

adaptation to high altitude

81
Q

nitrogen narcosis

A

dangerous accumulation of nitrogen at very low atmospheric pressure

82
Q

decompression sickness

A

affect of nitrogen narcosis

nitrogen gas forms in tissue and enters blood, blocking small blood vessels and producing ‘bends’

83
Q

hyperpnea

A

breathing becomes deeper and more rapid to deliver more air to lungs
especially during exercise

84
Q

lactate threshold

A

maximum rate of oxygen consumption before blood lactic acid level rises

85
Q

Types of gas exchange in respiratory system

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation

2. external respiration

86
Q

histamine

A

release from mast cells - allergic/asthmatic response bronchiole constriction

Physiology Final (4 decks)

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