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Physiology Final > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

arteries function

A

low resistance tubes that conduct blood to organs
undergo little pressure
pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow to organs during ventricle relaxation

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2
Q

arterioles function

A

major sites of resistance
pattern blood flow to organs
control blood flow and pressure

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3
Q

capillaries function

A

site of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissue

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4
Q

venules function

A

site of nutrient, metabolic end product, and fluid exchange between blood and tissue, ensure blood returns to heart

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5
Q

veins function

A

low resistance, conduct blood back to heart

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6
Q

Blood make up

A

Plasma (55%), erythrocytes, luekocytes, platelets

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7
Q

What is function of circulatory system

A

carries nutrients, wastes, chemical signals, and heat

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8
Q

why is diffusion inefficient

A

too slow to support large bodies

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9
Q

types of circulation circuits

A

pulmonary and systemic

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10
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carries blood between heart and lungs

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11
Q

systemic circulation

A

carries blood between heart and rest of body

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12
Q

If hematocrit increases

A

viscosity of blood increases

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13
Q

Which blood vessel contributes the most resistance to flow

A

arterioles then capillaries

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14
Q

What are types on local control (intrinsic) that allows tissues to control their own blood flow

A

myogenic, paracrine substances, hyperemia

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15
Q

describe myogenic control

A

by smooth muscle of arterioles

increases blood pressure - > increase stretch-> Ca2+ channels open -> vessel constricts so flow remains same

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16
Q

paracrine vasoconstrictors

A

paracrine substances alter smooth muscle activity
serotonin
endothelin

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17
Q

serotonin

A

vasoconstrictor secreted by platelets

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18
Q

endothelin

A

vasoconstrictor secreted by vascular endothelieum

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19
Q

paracrine vasodilators

A

bradykinin
histamine
adenosine

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20
Q

adenosine

A

vasodilator hormone secreted by cells in low O2 conditions

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21
Q

hyperemia

A

locally mediated increases in blood flow

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22
Q

active hyperemia

A

increase in tissue metabolism -> release of vasodilators into extracellular fluid-> decrease resistance-> blood flow increase -> O2 and nutrient supply to tissue increase

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23
Q

reactive hypermia

A

occlusion -> blood flow decrease -> vasodilators accumulate-> arterioles dilate -> occlusion removed _> resistance decrease-> blood flow increase

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24
Q

systemic control (EXTRINSIC) vasoconstriction

A

delivered by neurons
serotonin
vasopressin
angiotensin II

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25
Q

systemic control (EXTRINSIC) vasoconstriction

A

Beta-2 epinephrine
ACT
ANP
VIPs

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26
Q

norepinephrine

A

systemic control released by sympathetic neuron

moderate amount - intermediate diameter

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27
Q

increase in norepinephrine

A

vasoconstriction

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28
Q

decrease in norepinephrine

A

vasodilation

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29
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

drains blood from gastointestinal tract and speeds into capillary beds in liver
blood is rich in nutrients from food
not a true vein because it does not conduct blood back to heart

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30
Q

\what causes an aneurysm

A

artherosclerosis- accumulation of calcium and fatty materials on blood vessel wall that weakens it
based on law of Laplace an increase in r increases T, and r thus T continues to increase

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31
Q

steps to artherosclerosis

A
  1. fatty streak cholesterol accumulate 2. fibrous plaque accumulates around accumulating cholesterol 3. calcified scar tissue forms
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32
Q

how does a heart stay in place

A

pericardial attachments and great vessels

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33
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

small ligament attached to outer surface of pulmonary artery with no function (remnant of fetal ductus arteriosus)

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34
Q

blood going to the upper heart arrives from

A

superior vena cava(head and upper limbs)
inferior vena cava (trunk and lower limbs)
coronary sinus (from myocardium)

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35
Q

coverings of heart outer- in

A

fibrous pericardium

serous pericardium - visceral pericardium pericardial cavity - parietal pericardium

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36
Q

heart wall outer-in

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

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37
Q

where does right atrium receive blood

A

inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus

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38
Q

fossa ovalis

A

remnant of fetal foramen ovale in right atrium

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39
Q

where does left atrium receive blood

A

pulmonary veins

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40
Q

interatrial septum

A

separates left and right

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41
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

thick-wall with an irregular inner surface that covers ventricles

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42
Q

interventricular septum

A

separates left and right ventricls

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43
Q

Valves

A

Tricuspid
mitral
semilunar - pulmonary
Aortic

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44
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

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45
Q

mitral valve (bicuspid)

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

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46
Q

chordae tendinae

A

connect cusps of AV valves to papillary muscle of ventricles, preventing cusps from swinging back into atria during systole

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47
Q

papillary muscle

A

muscular columns located on inner surface of ventricles

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48
Q

pulmonary SL valve

A

lies within pulmonary trunk

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49
Q

aortic SL valve

A

within aorta

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50
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow of blood across closed valve

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51
Q

mitral regurgitation occurs

A

during systole

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52
Q

aortic regurgitation occurs

A

during diastol

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53
Q

stenosis

A

obstruction of forward flow across an opened valve

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54
Q

mitral stenosis occurs

A

during diastole

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55
Q

aortic stenosis occurs

A

during systole

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56
Q

S1 heart sound

A

onset of ventricular contraction

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57
Q

S2 heart sound

A

closure of semilunar valves

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58
Q

S3 heart sound

A

ventricular gallop

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59
Q

S4 heart sound

A

atrial gallop

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60
Q

valvular theory

A

says sounds caused by vibration of heart valves during closure

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61
Q

cardiohemic theory

A

vibration of entire cardiohemic system causes heart sounds

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62
Q

sarcomere

A

functional unit of cardiomyocyte

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63
Q

intercalated discs

A

connects branched fibers of myocardium

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64
Q

how are cells held together during contraction

A

desmosomes

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65
Q

L-type Ca channels

A

how Ca2+ enters cell

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66
Q

ranodine receptors

A

Ca2+ binds to on sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger release of Ca2+

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67
Q

terminal cisternae

A

where Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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68
Q

steps of excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. action potential enters
  2. Ca2+ enters through voltage -gated Ca2+ channels
  3. bind to ryanodine receptors
  4. Ca2+ released from terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose myosin binding sites - actin
  6. myosin head binds to actin and causes cross-bridge movement and a reduction in sarcomere length
  7. Ca2+ taken in by SR via SERCA Pump
  8. removal of Ca2+, myosin unbinds from actin (Requires ATP), sarcomere resumes original length
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69
Q

membrane potential

A
  1. opening of Na+ channels , rapid depolarization
  2. opening of K+ channels efflux, repolarize
  3. opening of Ca2+ channels, influx, plateau
  4. opening K+ channels and closing of Ca 2+, repolarization
  5. resting potential
    Ca 2+ removed with Ca2+ ATP pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
    Na+removed and K+ returned with NaK pump
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70
Q

ERP effective refractory period

A

time when action potential can’t be initiated

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71
Q

sinoatrial node

A

in right atrium is the pacemaker group of cardiomyocytes
65 bpm
pace of heart

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72
Q

F-type channels

A

Na2+ leak in through at negative membrane potentials and close as membrane depolarizes; beginning of pacemaker potential

73
Q

pacemaker potential generation

A
  1. myogenic slow depolarization from -60 to -40 mV, Na2+ in through F-type channels that start to close as threshold potential is approached, increase of Ca2+ through T-
    type channels
  2. Rapid opening of Ca2+ channels, rapid depolarization
  3. Repolarization, opening of K+ channels, release K_, close Ca2+ channels
74
Q

atrioventricular node

A

secondary pacemaker

autorhythmic at 55bpm

75
Q

Travel of contraction in heart

A
  1. SA node 2. AV node 3. Bundle of His

4. Purkinje fibers

76
Q

nervous system role in heart contraction: sympathetic stimulation

A

increase in firing rate-> increase slope of spontaneous depolarization, lower threshold for action potential

77
Q

nervous system role in heart contraction: parasympathetic stimulation

A

decrease in firing rate ->decrease in slope of spontaneous depolarization, increase threshold for action potential

78
Q

How does an ECG obtain its signal

A

electrodes placed to Einthoven’s triangle and leads or potentials is recorded between two given electrodes

79
Q

P-wave

A

impulse spreads from SA node to AV node

atrial depolarization and atrial systole

80
Q

QRS- complex

A

represents ventricular depolarization

aligns with ventricular systole and atrial diastole

81
Q

Q wave

A

first area of ventricular muscle activated from left to right

82
Q

R-wave

A

both ventricles activated

83
Q

S-wave

A

a few small areas of ventricles activated

84
Q

T-wave

A

ventricles recover
ventricular repolarization
ventricle diastole

85
Q

bradycardia/ brachycardia

A

heart rate

86
Q

Sinus brachycardia

A

rate = 40-59 bpm

87
Q

Tachycardia

A

heart rate >100 bpm

88
Q

sinus tachcardia

A

101-160 bpm

caused by heart failure, stress or increased temperature

89
Q

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

A

short period of rapid and regular heartbeats

90
Q

ventricular tachycardia

A

one continuous, irregular wave looks like ugly sin wave

91
Q

sinus arrhythmia

A

rate fluctuates between 45-100bpm

92
Q

sinus arrest

A

period of no heart beat

93
Q

Atrial flutter

A

multiple P waves before QRS complex, 250-350 bpm

94
Q

Atrial fibrilation

A

can’t distinguish between P and T waves

95
Q

Ventricular fibrilation

A

continuous irregular wave with small amplitude

96
Q

AV block

A

Q wave appears absent

97
Q

premature atrial contractions

A

palpitations, irregular PR rhytms, irregular P wave

98
Q

Asystole

A

flatline

99
Q

Ischemia

A

reduction of blood flow, results in large dip in ST segment of ECG

100
Q

Hypoxia

A

reduction of oxygen supply due to ischemia

101
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe pain accompanied by ischemia, relieved by nitroglycerin

102
Q

myocardial infarction diagnosis

A

heart attack diagnosed by high levels of creatine phosphate and lactate dehydrogenase

103
Q

cause of myocardial infarction

A

thrombus (stationary clot) embolus(moving clot) in coronary artery

104
Q

cardiac output

A

volume pumped by left ventricle in one minute

105
Q

calculation of Mean arterial pressure

A

MAP=CO*TPR(total peripheral resistance)

106
Q

calculation of CO

A

CO= stroke volume x heart rate

107
Q

stroke volume calculation

A

end diastolic volume-end systolic volume

108
Q

Stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected in one heart beat

109
Q

calculation of total peripheral resistance

A

change in pressure across entire systemic circulation/ flow

110
Q

factors affecting stroke volume: end diastolic volume

A
  1. venous return
  2. preload
  3. blood volume
  4. force-stretch relationship
111
Q

factors affecting stroke volume: end systolic volume

A
  1. contractility

2. after-load

112
Q

affecting edv: definition of venous return and how to increase it

A

volume of blood returning to heart
skeletal muscle pump: skeletal muscles compress veins, force blood toward heart
respiratory pump: pressure gradient from breathing pulls blood to right atrium

113
Q

affecting edv: Pre-load definition

A

amount that the contractile myocardial fibers in ventricles are stretched

114
Q

Frank-starling law of the heart

A

stroke volume increases if volume of blood that returns to it increases

115
Q

affecting edv: force-stretch relationship

A

cardiac muscle stretch increases the force corresponding increases

116
Q

affecting ESV: how to increase contractility

A

send inotropic agents: sympathetic signals -epinephrine and norepinephrine, or digitalis

117
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine binding to beta 1 receptors

A

binds to beta -1 receptors then causes rapid contraction which causes more force generated and causes rapid relaxation which causes a shorter duration of contraction

118
Q

Digitalis

A

lowers Na+/K+ ATPase activity-> lower na+-Ca2+ exchange, elevates Ca2+ concentration -> stronger graded contraction

119
Q

affecting ESV: afterload

A

back pressure exerted by blood in large arteries leaving the heart which must be overcome before ventricular ejection can occur

120
Q

how is heart rate increased

A

sympathetic stimulation: epinephrine and norepinephrine

parasympathetic inhibition: reduction of neurotransmitter acetylcholine

121
Q

factors affecting Total peripheral resistance

A
  1. friction- viscosity, total blood vessel length, radius

2. arteriolar radius- vasoconstrictos and vasodilators

122
Q

Vasoconstrictors: Neuronal controls

A

sympathetic nerves stimulate alpha-adrenergenic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine

123
Q

Vasoconstrictors:Hormonal controls

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine, angiotensin II, vasopressin

124
Q

Vasoconstrictors:local controls

A

internal blood pressure increase, O2 increase, Co2 decrease, cold environment, hemodynamic forces increase

125
Q

Vasodilators: Neuronal controls

A

sympathetic nerves stimulate beta-adrenergenic receptors for epinephrine
neurons that release Nitric Oxide

126
Q

Vasodilators:Hormonal controls

A

epinephrine- on beta-adrenergenic receptors

atrial natriuretic peptide

127
Q

Vasodilators :local controls

A

decrease in O2, increase in K_, CO2, and H_, osmolarity, adenosine, NO, hemodynamic forces decrease

128
Q

Blood flow: Local control

A

active hyperemia, flow autoregulation

129
Q

Blood flow: Local control: Active hyperemia

A

increase metabolic activity of organ, decrease O2 and increase metabolites in organ’s interstitial fluid, arteriolar dilation , increase blood flow

130
Q

Blood flow: Local control: autoregulation

A
  1. decrease in arteriolar pressure in organ, decrease in pressure in organ, decrease O2 increase metabolites and decrease vessel wall stretch, arteriolar dilation, blood flow increase
131
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

arterial blood pressure during systole

normal : less than 120 mmHg

132
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

arterial blood pressure during diastole

Normal: less than 80 mmHg

133
Q

shygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff,

listen to Korotkoff sounds created by pulsatile blood flow between 80 and 120 mmHg applied

134
Q

brain regulating blood pressure

A
  1. carotid and aortic baroreceptors sense change
    1. afferent nerves to medullary cardiovascular control center
  3. efferent nerves from control center affect SA node
  4. effect HR and SV0> CO and TPR -> BP
135
Q

drugs that treat hypertension

A 
diuretics
beta-andrenergenic receptor blockers
calcium channel blockers
angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
drugs that antagonize sympathetic nervous system
136
Q

peripheral feedback system

A

theory how body controls change in blood pressure

metabolic activity-> arteriolar dilation-> reflex pressure response

137
Q

types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous

138
Q

intercellular clefts

A

assist the exchange between blood of capillaries and interstitial fluid

139
Q

types of capillary exchange

A

diffusion
vesicular transport
bulk flow - filtration and absorption

140
Q

net filtration pressure, net fluid enters

A 
hydrostatic pressure (inside capillary) - colloid osmotic pressure
lymphatic vessels
141
Q

how is oxygen delivered from capillaries

A

convection

142
Q

vasomotion

A

spontaneous change in tone of blood vessels

opening and closing of capiliaries

143
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

cut off capillaries

144
Q

roles of endothelial cell in circulation

A
  1. barrier between blood vessels and rest of blood
  2. secretion of vasoactive substances
  3. exchange of materials between blood and surrounding through vesicular transport
  4. formation of platlet plugs
145
Q

hemorrhage causes

A

reduction in SV->reduction in CO-> reduction in MAP

146
Q

hemorrhage response

A

HR increases -> CO
TPR increases -> MAP
autotransfusion mechanism: increase in absorption and decrease in filtration to protect blood volume

147
Q

ultrafiltration

A

capillary losing fluid, when inward pressure dominates

at the arterial end

148
Q

reabsorption

A

capillary absorbing fluid, outward pressure dominates, venous end

149
Q

what is blood

A

connective tissue whose cells are suspended in plasma
45% formed elements
55% plasma

150
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, hematocrit

151
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

in bone marrow of adults give rise to eythrocytes

152
Q

hemocytoblast

A

primitive cell that all blood cells come prom

153
Q

eythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells within red bone marrow

154
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by cells in kidney and liver that control production of red blood cells

155
Q

dietary factors affecting eythropoiesis

A

B12, folic acid, iron

intrinsic factor which allows b12 absorption

156
Q

anemia

A

lack of proper dietary nutrients needed to produce red blood cells

157
Q

destruction of RBCs

A
  1. break into globin and heme -> heme into iron and biliverdin-> transferrin transports iron to tissue and liver for synthesis of new hemoglobin -> 80% of iron chills there as ferritin
    globin broken into amino acids
    iron and biliverdin not used becomes bile
158
Q

types of leukocytes (white blood cells): granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

159
Q

types of leukocytes (white blood cells): agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

160
Q

neutrophils

A

WBC most abundant
granulocyte
phagocytes for foreign particles

161
Q

eosinophils

A

granulocyte

responsible for allergic reaction

162
Q

Basophil

A

granulocyte
release heparin - inhibits blood clotting
histamine: vasodilator
may develop into mast cells

163
Q

Monocyte

A

agranulocyte
phagocytosis
in blood=phagocyte
intissue = macrophage

164
Q

lymphocytes

A

important for Immune system
T-cells attack cells directly
B-cells produce antibodies that act against specific foreign substance

165
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count

166
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBC count

167
Q

myeloid luekemia

A

bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes, crowds out other blood cells

168
Q

lymphoid leukemia

A

lymphocytes are cancerous

169
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

fragments of megacaryocytes which helps repair damaged blood vessels and forms a platelet plug

170
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

disease of blood plasma

resulting from switch from breast milk to food deficient in nutrients

171
Q

hemostatis and its steps

A

stoppage of bleeding from blood vessel
1. blood vessel spasm
2. platelet plug formation- platelets release serotonin causing vasoconstriction
3, blood coagulation - extrinsic: platelet contacts damaged tissue intrinsic: blood contacts foreign substance

172
Q

fibrinolytic system

A

provides checks and balances so that blood clotting stayss

173
Q

substances released by fibrinolytic system to check blood clots

A

Tissue plasminogen activator, heparin, warfarin

174
Q

thrombus

A

abnormal clot

175
Q

embolus

A

floating clot

176
Q

embolism

A

embolus lodged in small vessel

177
Q

what determines blood type

A

antigen present on cell membrane of RVC

178
Q

what happens if RBC’s antigen and plasma antibody are the same

A

hemolysis (bursting) and agglutination (clumping)

179
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis and treatment

A

Rh negative woman conceive Rh positive baby and develops Rh antibodies
Conceives another Rh positive baby and antibodies attack fetal RBCs
RhoGam- destroys anti-Rh antibodies

Physiology Final (4 decks)

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