Endocrine

Question 1

differences between endocrine and nervous system

Answer 1

1. time scale
nervous -ms
endocrine-hours/days
2. mechanism of communication
nervous- action potentials/ neurotransmitters
endocrine-hormones
3. strength of signal 
frequency- nervous
amount of signal- endocrine

Question 2

autocrine signals

Answer 2

locally affect same cell type

Question 3

paracrine signals

Answer 3

locally affect nearby cells

Question 4

pheremones

Answer 4

secreted into environment to modify behavior and physio of other

Question 5

How is secretion rate of hormones controlled

Answer 5

Negative feedback

1. action of a substance other than hormone on endocrine gland
2. neural control of endocrine gland
3. control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland

Question 6

mechanisms of hormone release

Answer 6

1. humoral - in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients
2. neural: stimulation by nerves
3. hormonal: stimulation received from other hormones

Question 7

neoplastic hormone production

Answer 7

when nonendocrine tissue produces hormones

syndromes caused by this is called paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 8

down-regulation

Answer 8

decrease in number of receptors due to prolonged exposure to high concentration of hormone

Question 9

up-regulation

Answer 9

increase in number of receptors due to prolonged exposure to a low concentration of hormone

Question 10

permisiveness

Answer 10

presence of hormone increase (or decreases) number of receptors for another hormone
(cooperative hormones)

Question 11

Functions of endocrine system

Answer 11

1. metabolism and tissue maturation
2. ion regulation
3. water balance
4. immune system regulation
5. heart rate and blood pressure regulation
6. control of blood glucose and other nutrients
7. control of reproductive functions
8. uterine contractions and milk release

Question 12

vasopressin function

Answer 12

acts on blood vessels: vasoconstriction

acts on kidneys: decrease urine volume, increase blood volume

Question 13

osmoreceptors

Answer 13

specialized neurons of hypothalamus that monitor changes in intercellular osmolarity

Question 14

baroreceptors

Answer 14

specialized neurons that sense change in blood pressure

Question 15

when is vasopressin released

Answer 15

electrolytes increase
concentration of water decreases
blood pressure decreases

Question 16

oxytocin

Answer 16

acts on uterus to stimulate contraction

Question 17

somatostatin

Answer 17

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Question 18

epinephrine

Answer 18

adrenaline

Question 19

where are catecholamine hormones secreted

Answer 19

medulla

Question 20

cortisol

Answer 20

regulate glucose metabolism and the immune system

Question 21

aldosterone

Answer 21

regulate salt and water balance

Question 22

cushing’s disease

Answer 22

chronically high levels of glucocorticoids like cortisol

unctontrolled catabolism of bone, muscle, skin and other organs

Question 23

Addison’s disease

Answer 23

loss of adrenal cortical function due to deficit in glucocorticoids

Question 24

tyrosine/iodide

Answer 24

primary ingredients for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 25

Graves disease

Answer 25

autoimmune overstimulation and growth of thyroid gland causes hyperthyroidism

Question 26

parathyroid hormone

Answer 26

cause osteoclasts to degrade bone and release Ca2+ into blood

Question 27

calcitonin

Answer 27

stimulates calcium deposit in bone by inhibiting osteoclasts

Question 28

where is calcium regulated from

Answer 28

thyroid gland release calcitonin

parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone

Question 29

process of fracture repair

Answer 29

1. hematoma formation
2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling

Question 30

location of glucose homeostasis

Answer 30

pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)

Question 31

glucagon release and function

Answer 31

released by alpha cells causes catabolism of glucose when there’s a decrease in blood

Question 32

insulin release and function

Answer 32

released by beta cells causes anabolism of glucose when there’s an increase in blood

Question 33

hypoglycemia

Answer 33

oversecretion of insulin -> low glucose levels

Question 34

Type I diabetes

Answer 34

insulin dependent

Beta cells destroyed

Question 35

Type II diabetes

Answer 35

non-insulin dependent - decreased sensitivity to insulin