Urinary System Flashcards
Acute glomerulonephritis
inflammation and swelling of glomeruli of the kidneys
proteinuria, edema, decreased urine volume, hematuria
follow a bacterial infection
treatment = antibiotics, diuretics
Chronic glomerulonephritis
noninfectious disease leading to renal damage and renal failure
inflammation followed by progressive destruction of the glomeruli
hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, edema
immune mechanisms, primary renal disorders are causes
treatment = antihypertensives, diuretics, antibiotics
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus
loses excessive amounts of protein, depressed plasma protein levels, lethargic and depressed
increased permeability of the glomerulus, result of pregnancy, kidney transplants
treatment = protein, diuretics, decreased sodium intake, ACE inhibitors
Acute renal failure
sudden and severe reduction in renal function, common as nitrogenous waste begins to accumulate in the blood quickly
oliguria, GI disturbances, headache, drowsiness
causes are those that result in diminished flood to the kidney
treatment = fluid is balanced, nutritional support, drug therapy
Chronic renal failure
gradual and progressive loss of nephrons, loss of renal function, onset of uremia
hypertension, edema, arrhythmias, ulcerations
generally end stage of chronic renal diseases
treatment = evaluated for dialysis, control protein and sodium intake, vitamin D
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissues of one or both kidneys
caused by infection, pregnancy or renal calculi, pus collects in renal pelvis
UTI, nausea and vomiting, lumbar pain, foul odor to urine
treatment = antibiotics, increased fluid intake
Hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that is obstructed
loss of function in involved nephrons, destruction of kidneys, asymptomatic
obstruction could be renal calculi, tumors, inflammation, pregnancy
treatment = removal of source, nephrostomy tube
Renal calculi
stones in the kidney formed by various mineral salts
small stones can be passed unnoticed, larger ones produce severe pain, urinary urgency
heredity, more prone in males, increasing in age, prolonged dehydration
treatment = analgesic therapy, surgery, shock wave therapy
Infectious cystitis and urethritis
inflammation of urinary bladder, inflammation of urethra
urinary urgency, dysuria, incontinence
bacterial infection, E.coli, STDs, virus, inflammation from chemotherapy
treatment = antibiotic
Diabetic nephropathy
renal changes resulting from diabetes mellitus, called glomerulosclerosis
urinary retention, hypertension, proteinuria
treatment = ACE inhibitor, fluid, diuretics, low-protein diet
Polycystic kidney disease
normal renal tissue is replaced with multiple cysts, leading to impaired renal function and renal failure
kidneys are palpable on physical examination, lumbar pain, prone to renal calculi
inherited, develops in adolescence, autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant
treatment = dialysis, kidney transplantation
Neurogenic bladder
dysfunction of urinary bladder, difficulty in emptying bladder
insult to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves supplying urinary tract
treatment = catheterization, drug therapy, surgery
Stress incontinence
uncontrollable leakage of urine during physical exertion or actions
usually female, weakening of pelvic floor muscles, trauma from childbirth
treatment = exercises, estrogen, drug therapy
Renal cell carcinoma
one or more malignant tumors in one or both kidneys, most likely in renal cortex
Wilms tumor = renal tumor of childhood, cancer of renal pelvis
hematuria, abdominal mass, flank pain
most are sporadic, component of VHL syndrome, risks include smoking, obesity
treatment = surgery, chemotherapy
Bladder tumors
involve transitional epithelium lining the surface of the bladder
intermittent hematuria, pain in flank, dysuria, urgency
factors = smoking, bladder infections, parasitic worm
treatment = tumor resection, mycobacterium, cystectomy
