Circulatory System #1

Question 1

Cardiovascular diseases

Answer 1

tachycardia = abnormally fast heartbeat, bradycardia = abnormally slow heartbeat
ischemia = inadequate blood supply
general presenting symptoms include chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, palpitations, cyanosis, edema, fatigue, syncope

Question 2

Coronary artery disease

Answer 2

arteries supplying heart become narrowed by atherosclerotic deposits
causes cardiac ischemia and eventually myocardial infarction (heart attack)
pain of angina pectoris, burning, squeezing, radiating to arm, neck, jaw
treatment = vasodilators, angioplasty

Question 3

Angina pectoris

Answer 3

chest pain due to ischemia, left-sided chest pain after exertion
due to atherosclerosis, tachycardia, respiratory disease
treatment = cessation of activity, nitroglycerin tablets

Question 4

Myocardial infarction

Answer 4

death of myocardial tissue from ischemia
left-sided chest pain, crushing, burning, may radiate
occurs when coronary artery is occluded to atherosclerotic plaque, thrombus, or muscle spasm
treatment = oxygen, morphine, aspirin, vasodilation, thrombolytic drugs, insertion of a stent

Question 5

Cardiac arrest

Answer 5

sudden cessation of cardiac activity
patient is unresponsive, no respiratory effort and no pulse
occurs of anoxia or interruption of electrical stimuli
can be caused by electrocution, drowning, severe trauma, drug overdose
treatment = CPR, AED, epinephrine

Question 6

Hypertensive heart disease

Answer 6

chronically elevated pressure throughout vascular system
due to atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, renal disease
headaches, epistaxis, syncope
stress is a major factor, age smoking, heredity, obesity
treatment = drug therapy, ACE inhibitors, vasodilators

Question 7

Malignant hypertension

Answer 7

severe headache, blurred vision, dyspnea
extreme stress is a factor
treatment = vasodilators, drug therapy continued for life

Question 8

Congestive heart failure

Answer 8

inability of the heart to pump enough blood to ensure homeostasis
gradually increasing dyspnea, anxiety, neck veins extend, edema
right side = liver and spleen enlarge
left side = pulmonary congestion, respiratory difficulties
generally caused by MI, hypertension, CAD, COPD
treatment = ACE inhibitors, diuretics, digoxin, no fluid or sodium

Question 9

Cor pulmonale

Answer 9

enlargement of the right ventricle
distended neck veins, edema of the extremities
can be caused by emphysema and fibrotic pulmonary lesions
treatment = bronchodilators, bed rest, anticoagulants, low salt

Question 10

Pulmonary edema

Answer 10

condition of fluid shift into the extravascular spaces of the lungs
increased cardiac and respiratory rates, bloody/frothy sputum
caused by left-sided heart failure, mitral valve disease, head trauma, drug overdose
treatment = Fowler’s position, oxygen therapy, drug therapy

Question 11

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle, enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction
symptoms of congestive heart failure, syncope, cardiac murmur
dilated = alcoholism, viral infections
hypertrophic = genetic
restrictive = infiltrative process of the heart
treatment = antiarrhythmic agents, digitalis, anticoagulants, rest

Question 12

Pericarditis

Answer 12

inflammation of the pericardium
blood of inflammatory exudate released into the sac produces friction and irritation
pounding heart, dyspnea, chills, fever, tachycardia
caused by viruses, bacteria, trauma, rheumatic fever
treatment = antibiotic drugs, surgical drainage, bed rest

Question 13

Myocarditis

Answer 13

inflammation of muscular walls of the heart
palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, arrhythmia
viral, bacterial, fungal, or protozoal infection, lithium use, cocaine, alcoholism, radiation
treatment = anti infective agents, rest, analgesics, oxygen

Question 14

Endocarditis

Answer 14

inflammation of the lining and valves of the heart
causative factors = respiratory tract, dental, urinary, skin infection, from bacteria
vegetative growths on the cardiac valves that may be released into the bloodstream
treatment = intravenous antibiotics, antipyretics, anticoagulants, bed rest

Question 15

Rheumatic fever

Answer 15

inflammatory and autoimmune disease of the joints and cardiac tissue
sore throat, fever, polyarthritis, cardiac murmurs, follows strep throat
generally in children, caused by bacteria
treatment = penicillin, antipyretics, bed rest

Question 16

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 16

cardiac manifestations that follow rheumatic fever
acute endocarditis, CHF
stenosis of the valve openings may occur
treatment = surgery to relieve stenosis, dental hygiene, antibiotics

Question 17

Valvular heart disease

Answer 17

acquired or congenital
insufficiency allows blood to be forced back into the previous chamber
stenosis = hardening of the cusps of the valves

Question 18

Mitral stenosis

Answer 18

hardening of cusps on the mitral valve preventing normal opening from left atrium into left ventricle
dyspnea, fatigue, cough
treatment = limitation of sodium intake, anticoagulants, surgery, valvuloplasty

Question 19

Mitral insufficiency

Answer 19

mitral valve fails to close completely
dyspnea, fatigue, heart murmurs
may be caused from scar tissue, vegetations, rheumatic fever, CAD, MI
treatment = bed rest, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, surgery

Question 20

Mitral valve prolapse

Answer 20

cusps of the mitral valve protrude into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
generally asymptomatic
may be caused by long or short chordae tendinae, regurgitation of blood causes cardiac murmur
treatment = generally not required, beta-blockers, avoid caffeine, smoking, heavy meals

Question 21

Arrhythmias

Answer 21

deviation from the normal heartbeat, irregular heartbeats
palpitations, tachycardia, bradycardia, syncope, fatigue
due to disturbances from sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers
may also result from ischemia, drugs
treatment = cessation of drugs, anticoagulants, oxygen, pacemaker

Question 22

Shock

Answer 22

collapse of cardiovascular system, vital organs do not receive sufficient oxygen
pale, cold, clammy, rapid breathing, altered level of consciousness
can be caused by anaphylaxis, hemorrhage, neurologic failure, emotional catastrophe
treatment = ABCs, supine position, keep warm, oxygen

Question 23

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 23

inadequate output of blood by the heart, myocardium fails to pump effectively
due to MI, severe heart failure, arrhythmias, valve failure
treatment = shock, medications, intra aortic balloon pump

Question 24

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 24

compression of the heart muscle and restriction of heart movement
occurs when vessel breaks and blood is trapped in the pericardial sac, myocardium may also rupture
may occur in patients with certain cancers, chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism
treatment = needle into pericardial space to withdraw blood