Circulatory System #2

Question 1

Emboli

Answer 1

clots of aggregated material that can lodge in a blood vessel and inhibit flow
severe pain in area of embolus, pale, numb, cold to the touch, nausea, vomiting, shock, can be arterial or venous
generally blood clots, air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps, tissue
most common is a venous thrombosis
treatment = heparin, surgical intervention

Question 2

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

occurs when the walls of the arterioles thicken, resulting in loss of elasticity
atherosclerosis = occurs when plaques of cholesterol and lipids form in the arteries
generally asymptomatic, may have angina pectoris, dizziness, elevated blood pressure
factors = heredity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, fats and cholesterols, diabetes mellitus, obesity
treatment = dietary changes, hyperlipidemic drugs

Question 3

Aneurysms

Answer 3

weakening and resulting dilation of the wall of an artery
abdominal aortic aneurysm most common, complication is leakage or rupture
most common cause is buildup of atherosclerotic plaque
treatment = surgical repair, stent

Question 4

Phlebitis

Answer 4

inflammation of a vein, most common in lower legs
pain and tenderness in area, development of cordlike mass under skin
cause is uncertain
treatment = analgesics, do not massage area

Question 5

Thrombophlebitis

Answer 5

result of inflammation of vein with formation of thrombus on vessel wall
causes interference of blood flow and resulting edema, tender
blood disorders that cause hypercoagulable state play important role
treatment = immobilization, heparin, antibiotics

Question 6

Varicose veins

Answer 6

swollen, tortuous, knotted veins
develop gradually, fatigue in the legs, leg cramps, ankles swell
prolonged standing or sitting, pregnancy
treatment = rest periods throughout day, exercise, warm water

Question 7

Thromboangiitis obliternas

Answer 7

Buerger’s disease, inflammation of the peripheral arteries and veins with clot formation
intense pain in affected area, aggravated by exercise
due to smoking, mostly males, Jewish descent
treatment = cessation of smoking, medications, surgical intervention

Question 8

Raynaud’s disease

Answer 8

vasospastic condition of fingers, hands, feet, causing pain, numbness and discoloration (white to blue)
more common in women, made worse by smoking
treatment = warmth, stop smoking, avoid cold

Question 9

Transfusion incompatibility reaction

Answer 9

blood or blood product transfused has antibodies, or recipient has antibodies
characterized by hemolysis or agglutination, chills, fever, tachycardia
severe = back pain, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, dyspnea
treatment = stopping blood transfusion, antihistamines

Question 10

Anemias

Answer 10

reduction in the quantity of red blood cells or hemoglobin
iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, sickle cell, hemorrhagic
fatigue, appear pale, dyspnea, tachycardia
classified by colour of RBC as hypochromic, normochromic, hypochromic
blood loss through hemorrhage, dietary deficiencies, drugs, heredity
treatment = dietary supplements, rest, analgesics

Question 11

Agranulocytosis

Answer 11

blood dyscrasia where leukocyte levels are extremely low
rapid, fatigue, weakness, sore throat, ulcerations on oral mucosa
usually caused by drug toxicity, hypersensitivity, cancer chemotherapy
most often in females
treatment = antimicrobial therapy

Question 12

Polycythemia

Answer 12

abnormal increase in the amount of hemoglobin, RC count or hematocrit
headaches, dyspnea, night sweats, weight loss
caused by increase in hematopoiesis of bone marrow, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, burns
treatment = phlebotomy, drugs, radiation

Question 13

Leukemias

Answer 13

malignant neoplasms of blood forming organs, producing abnormal proliferation of one specific blood cell
classified by cell types

Question 14

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 14

overproduction of immature lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes
pale, bone pain, weight loss, bleeding of gingiva, bruising, cranial nerve palsies
tends to affect children and elderly, radiation, drugs, smoking, heredity
treatment = chemotherapy

Question 15

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Answer 15

neoplasm in lymphocytes, accumulation of hypofunctional lymphocytes
often asymptomatic, susceptible to frequent viral and fungal infections, leads to systemic infection, bleeding, cachexia
chromosomal
treatment = withheld until patient is symptomatic, chemotherapy, radiation therapy

Question 16

Acute myelogenous leukemia

Answer 16

neoplasm of cells committed to myeloid line of development
leads to pancytopenia, anemia, easy bleeding and bruising
risk factors = positive family history, ovarian or breast cancer, smoking
treatment = bone marrow transplantation, derivative of vitamin A, chemotherapy

Question 17

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Answer 17

neoplasm that arises in hematopoietic stem cell resulting in hypofunctional neutrophils
asymptomatic, or upper left quadrant pain, acute gouty arthritis, anemia
most often over age of 40, exposure to ionizing radiation
treatment = bone marrow transplantation, drug

Question 18

Lymphedema

Answer 18

abnormal collection of lymph, usually in extremities
swelling of extremities, no pain
obstruction of lymph vessel or node may be caused by infections, neoplasms, thrombus, allergic reactions
treatment = elevation, elastic bandages or stockings

Question 19

Lymphangitis

Answer 19

inflammation of lymph vessels
manifest by red streak at site of entry of infective organism, cellulitis
bacterial infection
treatment = antibiotics

Question 20

Lymphoma

Answer 20

malignant neoplasms, may be B or T cells, staged using Ann Arbor-Cotswolds staging system
stage 1 = single lymph structure
stage 2 = two or more lymph structures, on same side of diaphragm
stage 3 = lymph regions of both sides of the diaphragm
stage 4 = widespread involvement of extranodal tissue above and below diaphragm

Question 21

Hodgkin’s disease

Answer 21

cancer of body’s lymphatic system
painless enlargement of lymph nodes, fatigue, alcohol induced pain, presence of Reed-Sternberg cell
patients in 20s or over age of 50, previous history of malignancy, treatment with chemotherapy, family history
treatment = 1 and 2 use radiation therapy, 3 and 4 use chemotherapy

Question 22

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 22

heterogeneous neoplasms of lymphoid cells
painless lymphadenopathy, fatigue, bone pine, GI symptoms
increases with increasing age, family history, HIV, HTLV, Epstein-Barr, Hepatitis C
treatment = chemotherapy

Question 23

Classic hemophilia

Answer 23

hereditary bleeding disorder resulting from deficiency of clotting factors
first sign is ecchymosis at birth or bleeding from circumcision
X-linked genetic disorder in males
treatment = incurable, transfusions, concentrated factor VII

Question 24

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Answer 24

simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis
oozing of blood from needle puncture sites, purpura, wound hematomas, bloody stools
generally follows obstetric complications, septicemia, trauma, burns, hypothermia, extensive tissue destruction
activates production of fibrin, causing clots to form whey they are not needed
treatment = heparin, platelet replacement