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AP2 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Function of Urinary System

A

Excretion-removal of organic waste products from bodily fluids
Elimination- discharge of these waste products into environment of body
Homeostatic regulation- regulates the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma

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2
Q

Secondary Functions of Urinary System

A 
Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
Regulates concentrations of Na+, K+, CI-
Stabilizes blood pH
Conserves valuable nutrients 
Detoxifies poisons or drug breakdown
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3
Q

Located on both sides of vertebral column between T12-L3 and produces urine

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

The tube or vessel that carries urine from kidneys to bladder

A

ureter

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5
Q

Carries urine to exterior of body

A

urethra

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6
Q

Kidney has 3 layers of connective tissue

A

renal capsule
adipose tissue
renal fascia

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7
Q

layered collagen fibers that cover outer surface of organ

A

renal capsule

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8
Q

thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal capsule

A

adipose capsule

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9
Q

has a dense fibrous outer layer that attaches to kidney to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

Kidney has 2 layers

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

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11
Q

superficial portion of kidney that contacts renal capsule

A

renal cortex

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12
Q

consists of 6-18 renal pyramids

A

renal medulla

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13
Q

a ________ consists of a _________ , the overlying area of the renal cortex and the adjacent tissue of renal column

A

renal lobe; renal pyramid

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14
Q

in the cortex of each ________ are tubular structures called nephrons

A

renal lobe

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15
Q

a ______ is the basic functional unit of a kidney

A

nephron

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16
Q

each kidney has ______ nephrons

A

1.25 million

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17
Q

kidneys receive _______ % of total cardiac output with 1200 ml of blood flowing through each minute

A

20-25%

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18
Q

A nephron has how many parts?

A

2
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule

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19
Q

the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule are a part of?

A

renal corpuscle

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20
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting system are a part of what?

A

renal tubule

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21
Q

The Loop of Henle contains what?

A

Thin Descending Limb

Thick Ascending Limb

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22
Q

The Collecting System contains what?

A

Collecting Duct

Papillary Duct

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23
Q

_________ is approximately 50 intertwining capillaries and projects into bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

the site where filtration occurs

A

renal corpuscle

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25
Q

Blood pressure forces water from the blood vessel along with dissolved solutes (filtrate) into the ____________

A

capsular space

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26
Q

at __________, the capillaries are covered by epithelia tissue consisting of large cells called podocytes

A

bowman’s capsule

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27
Q

______ are large cells that have feet called ______

A

podocytes; pedicels

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28
Q

these contract/relax to control capillary diameter and blood flow rate

A

mesangial cells

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29
Q

Filtrate passes through small slits between ________ to get into __________

A

pedicels; capsular space

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30
Q

when filtrate enters the renal tubule is becomes…

A

tubular fluid (future urine)

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31
Q

filtration occuring in bowman’s capsule is caused by

A

hydrostatic blood pressure

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32
Q

What does hydrostatic blood pressure do?

A

forces water and solutes out of blood vessel by passing through pores into capsular space

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33
Q

where does re-absorption of nutrients take place?

A

along the proximal convoluted tubule

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34
Q

where does secretion of nutrients occur?

A

along the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule

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35
Q

what regulates the final volume of solute concentrate of the urine?

A

Loop of Henle and Conducting System

36
Q

the most abundant organic waste, a byproduct generated by breakdown of amino acids by liver

A

urea

37
Q

generated by breakdown of creatine phosphate a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle

A

creatinine

38
Q

waste product generated by recycling nitrogenous bases of RNA molecules

A

uric acid

39
Q

Renal tubule has 3 functions

A
  1. Reabsorbs useful organic substances (amino acids, proteins, glucose)
  2. Reabsorbs 90% of H20 filtrate
  3. Secretion of any waste in blood that has failed to enter into renal corpuscle
40
Q

3 segments of Renal Tubule

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule( PCT)
Loop Of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

41
Q

reabsorbs H20 ions, and all organic nutrients

A

(PCT) Proximal Convoluted Tubule

42
Q

“U” Shaped segment that seperates the PCT and DCT, divided into thick ascending limb and thin descending limb

A

Loop Of Henle

43
Q

secretes ions, acids, drugs and toxins. Variable reabsorption of water, Na+ ions, and Ca+2 ions (under control of hormonal endocrine system)

A

(DCT) Distal Convoluted Tubule

44
Q

reabsorption of water takes place here, but is impermeable to salts

A

Thin descending limb

45
Q

reabsorption of Na+ and Cl ions (solutes) takes place here, but is impermeable to water

A

Thick ascending limb

46
Q

consists of 2 ducts, which carries tubular fluid away from nephrons

A

Collecting System

47
Q

_________ duct - variable reabsorption of water, reabsorption or secretion of Na+, K+, H+ and bicarbonate due to hormones

A

collecting

48
Q

_________ duct- delivers urine to minor to minor caylx

A

papillary

49
Q

2 Types of Nephrons

A

Cortical Nephrons

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

50
Q

Cortical Nephron

A 
85% of all nephrons
located superficial to cortex
short loop of henle
smaller nephron
numerous (performs most of reabsorption and secretions functions of kidneys)
51
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

15% of all nephrons
long loop of henle
extend deep into medulla
has a vasa rectus

52
Q

a long straight peritubular capillary that lies between loop of henle

A

vasa rectus

53
Q

Steps of Renal Function (pg 12)

This is the short and sweet version

A

1) filtrate arrives at the glomerulus
2) in PCT ions and organics are removed from filtrate
3) in PCT and Loop of Henle water leaves tubular fluid
4) Na+ and Cl- transported out of thick ascending limb
5) solutes can be readjusted by reabsorption and secretion by active transport
6) DCT is impermeable to water unless ADH is secreted
7) Vasa recta absorbs water and solutes from tubular fluid

54
Q

This is the first essential kidney function, because if this DOES NOT OCCUR the remaining mechanisms CANNOT OCCUR

A

Glomerular Filtration

55
Q

Filtration in the glomerulus depends on adequate ________ flow and normal _______ pressures

A

blood; filtration

56
Q

3 interacting levels of control used to stabilize Glomerular Filtration Rate

A
  1. Auto-regulation at local level
  2. Hormonal-regulation initiated by kidney
  3. Autonomic regulation primarliy by sympathetic nervous system
57
Q

reduction of blood flow and reduction in glomerular blood pressure by dilation of afferent artery, glomerular capillaries, and constriction of efferent artery

A

auto-regulation

58
Q

the walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized smooth muscle cells called juxtaglomerular cells which produce renin.

A

Hormonal regulation initiated by kidney

59
Q

hormone that regulates blood volume and blood pressure

A

renin

60
Q

Hormones acting as Nephrons

A

ADH
PTH
CT
Aldosterone

61
Q

hormone that causes water reabsorption

A

ADH

62
Q

hormone that causes reabsorption of Calcium at nephron

A

PTH

63
Q

hormone that causes secretion of Calcium at nephron

A

CT

64
Q

hormone that causes sodium reabsorption and potasium and hydrogen

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

___________ - low blood flow causes sympathetic system to react

A

Autonomic Regulation

66
Q

reactions of autonomic regulation

A

constriction of venous vessels and reservoirs
increases cardiac output via HR
All increasee blood flow to the glomerulus which raises blood pressure

67
Q

Counter Current Multiplication

A 
reabsorbs water (thin) and solutes (thick) before they reach the DCT and collecting system
creates a concentration gradient so water is absorbed passively
68
Q

2 muscular tubes, about 12 inches long which link kidneys to the bladder

A

ureter

69
Q

_______ penetrate the posterior wall of bladder without entering the peritoneal cavity

A

ureter

70
Q

urine passes through the ______________ of the kidney to the __________ of the ureter

A

minor caylx; renal pelvis

71
Q

_____________ are slit like openings that prevent backflow of urine

A

urethral openings

72
Q

a muscular hollow organ that temporarily stores urine

A

bladder

73
Q

the bladder is held in place by

A

middle umbilical ligament

lateral umbilical ligament

74
Q

The bladder has folds called?

A

rugae

75
Q

The ________ funnels urine into the urethra

A

trigone

76
Q

The wall of the bladder has a contractile muscle called the??

A

detrusor muscle

77
Q

what muscles forces urine into the urethra?

A

detrusor muscle

78
Q

carries urine from the bladder to exterior of body

A

urethra

79
Q

Male urethra

A

8 inches long
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Penile urethra

80
Q

Female urethra

A

1-2 inches

81
Q

micturation reflex

A

allows urination

82
Q

micturation reflex stimulates 2 neurons

A

thalamus

parasympathetic fibers

83
Q

the bladder stretching stimulates the thalamus

A

sends commands to relax external and internal urethral sphincters

84
Q

parasympathetic fibers in spinal cord sends commands to

A

detrusor muscle so bladder contracts

85
Q

urine volume excedeing 500ml

A

can force open internal urethral sphincter

AP2 (7 decks)

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