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Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Function of Urinary System

A

Excretion-removal of organic waste products from bodily fluids
Elimination- discharge of these waste products into environment of body
Homeostatic regulation- regulates the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma

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2
Q

Secondary Functions of Urinary System

A 
Regulates blood volume and blood pressure
Regulates concentrations of Na+, K+, CI-
Stabilizes blood pH
Conserves valuable nutrients 
Detoxifies poisons or drug breakdown
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3
Q

Located on both sides of vertebral column between T12-L3 and produces urine

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

The tube or vessel that carries urine from kidneys to bladder

A

ureter

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5
Q

Carries urine to exterior of body

A

urethra

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6
Q

Kidney has 3 layers of connective tissue

A

renal capsule
adipose tissue
renal fascia

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7
Q

layered collagen fibers that cover outer surface of organ

A

renal capsule

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8
Q

thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds renal capsule

A

adipose capsule

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9
Q

has a dense fibrous outer layer that attaches to kidney to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

Kidney has 2 layers

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

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11
Q

superficial portion of kidney that contacts renal capsule

A

renal cortex

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12
Q

consists of 6-18 renal pyramids

A

renal medulla

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13
Q

a ________ consists of a _________ , the overlying area of the renal cortex and the adjacent tissue of renal column

A

renal lobe; renal pyramid

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14
Q

in the cortex of each ________ are tubular structures called nephrons

A

renal lobe

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15
Q

a ______ is the basic functional unit of a kidney

A

nephron

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16
Q

each kidney has ______ nephrons

A

1.25 million

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17
Q

kidneys receive _______ % of total cardiac output with 1200 ml of blood flowing through each minute

A

20-25%

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18
Q

A nephron has how many parts?

A

2
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule

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19
Q

the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule are a part of?

A

renal corpuscle

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20
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting system are a part of what?

A

renal tubule

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21
Q

The Loop of Henle contains what?

A

Thin Descending Limb

Thick Ascending Limb

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22
Q

The Collecting System contains what?

A

Collecting Duct

Papillary Duct

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23
Q

_________ is approximately 50 intertwining capillaries and projects into bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

the site where filtration occurs

A

renal corpuscle

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25
Blood pressure forces water from the blood vessel along with dissolved solutes (filtrate) into the ____________
capsular space
26
at __________, the capillaries are covered by epithelia tissue consisting of large cells called podocytes
bowman's capsule
27
______ are large cells that have feet called ______
podocytes; pedicels
28
these contract/relax to control capillary diameter and blood flow rate
mesangial cells
29
Filtrate passes through small slits between ________ to get into __________
pedicels; capsular space
30
when filtrate enters the renal tubule is becomes...
tubular fluid (future urine)
31
filtration occuring in bowman's capsule is caused by
hydrostatic blood pressure
32
What does hydrostatic blood pressure do?
forces water and solutes out of blood vessel by passing through pores into capsular space
33
where does re-absorption of nutrients take place?
along the proximal convoluted tubule
34
where does secretion of nutrients occur?
along the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule
35
what regulates the final volume of solute concentrate of the urine?
Loop of Henle and Conducting System
36
the most abundant organic waste, a byproduct generated by breakdown of amino acids by liver
urea
37
generated by breakdown of creatine phosphate a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle
creatinine
38
waste product generated by recycling nitrogenous bases of RNA molecules
uric acid
39
Renal tubule has 3 functions
1. Reabsorbs useful organic substances (amino acids, proteins, glucose) 2. Reabsorbs 90% of H20 filtrate 3. Secretion of any waste in blood that has failed to enter into renal corpuscle
40
3 segments of Renal Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule( PCT) Loop Of Henle Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
41
reabsorbs H20 ions, and all organic nutrients
(PCT) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
42
"U" Shaped segment that seperates the PCT and DCT, divided into thick ascending limb and thin descending limb
Loop Of Henle
43
secretes ions, acids, drugs and toxins. Variable reabsorption of water, Na+ ions, and Ca+2 ions (under control of hormonal endocrine system)
(DCT) Distal Convoluted Tubule
44
reabsorption of water takes place here, but is impermeable to salts
Thin descending limb
45
reabsorption of Na+ and Cl ions (solutes) takes place here, but is impermeable to water
Thick ascending limb
46
consists of 2 ducts, which carries tubular fluid away from nephrons
Collecting System
47
_________ duct - variable reabsorption of water, reabsorption or secretion of Na+, K+, H+ and bicarbonate due to hormones
collecting
48
_________ duct- delivers urine to minor to minor caylx
papillary
49
2 Types of Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons | Juxtamedullary Nephrons
50
Cortical Nephron
``` 85% of all nephrons located superficial to cortex short loop of henle smaller nephron numerous (performs most of reabsorption and secretions functions of kidneys) ```
51
Juxtamedullary Nephron
15% of all nephrons long loop of henle extend deep into medulla has a vasa rectus
52
a long straight peritubular capillary that lies between loop of henle
vasa rectus
53
Steps of Renal Function (pg 12) | This is the short and sweet version
1) filtrate arrives at the glomerulus 2) in PCT ions and organics are removed from filtrate 3) in PCT and Loop of Henle water leaves tubular fluid 4) Na+ and Cl- transported out of thick ascending limb 5) solutes can be readjusted by reabsorption and secretion by active transport 6) DCT is impermeable to water unless ADH is secreted 7) Vasa recta absorbs water and solutes from tubular fluid
54
***This is the first essential kidney function, because if this DOES NOT OCCUR the remaining mechanisms CANNOT OCCUR***
Glomerular Filtration
55
Filtration in the glomerulus depends on adequate ________ flow and normal _______ pressures
blood; filtration
56
3 interacting levels of control used to stabilize Glomerular Filtration Rate
1. Auto-regulation at local level 2. Hormonal-regulation initiated by kidney 3. Autonomic regulation primarliy by sympathetic nervous system
57
reduction of blood flow and reduction in glomerular blood pressure by dilation of afferent artery, glomerular capillaries, and constriction of efferent artery
auto-regulation
58
the walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized smooth muscle cells called juxtaglomerular cells which produce renin.
Hormonal regulation initiated by kidney
59
hormone that regulates blood volume and blood pressure
renin
60
***Hormones acting as Nephrons***
ADH PTH CT Aldosterone
61
hormone that causes water reabsorption
ADH
62
hormone that causes reabsorption of Calcium at nephron
PTH
63
hormone that causes secretion of Calcium at nephron
CT
64
hormone that causes sodium reabsorption and potasium and hydrogen
Aldosterone
65
___________ - low blood flow causes sympathetic system to react
Autonomic Regulation
66
reactions of autonomic regulation
constriction of venous vessels and reservoirs increases cardiac output via HR All increasee blood flow to the glomerulus which raises blood pressure
67
Counter Current Multiplication
``` reabsorbs water (thin) and solutes (thick) before they reach the DCT and collecting system creates a concentration gradient so water is absorbed passively ```
68
2 muscular tubes, about 12 inches long which link kidneys to the bladder
ureter
69
_______ penetrate the posterior wall of bladder without entering the peritoneal cavity
ureter
70
urine passes through the ______________ of the kidney to the __________ of the ureter
minor caylx; renal pelvis
71
_____________ are slit like openings that prevent backflow of urine
urethral openings
72
a muscular hollow organ that temporarily stores urine
bladder
73
the bladder is held in place by
middle umbilical ligament | lateral umbilical ligament
74
The bladder has folds called?
rugae
75
The ________ funnels urine into the urethra
trigone
76
The wall of the bladder has a contractile muscle called the??
detrusor muscle
77
what muscles forces urine into the urethra?
detrusor muscle
78
carries urine from the bladder to exterior of body
urethra
79
Male urethra
8 inches long Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Penile urethra
80
Female urethra
1-2 inches
81
micturation reflex
allows urination
82
micturation reflex stimulates 2 neurons
thalamus | parasympathetic fibers
83
the bladder stretching stimulates the thalamus
sends commands to relax external and internal urethral sphincters
84
parasympathetic fibers in spinal cord sends commands to
detrusor muscle so bladder contracts
85
urine volume excedeing 500ml
can force open internal urethral sphincter

AP2 (7 decks)

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