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AP2 > Chapter 20 Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

maintains homeostasis by moving, heart moves the blood

Heart beats 100,000 times per day, enough to fill 40- 55 drums

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

transports blood to/from lungs back to heart

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3
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

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4
Q

Coronary Circuit

A

transport blood to provide nutrients to cardiac cells

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5
Q

arteries(efferent vessels)

A

carries blood away from heart, normally carries 02

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6
Q

veins (afferent vessels)

A

carries blood back to heart, normally C02

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7
Q

small thin membrane vessel, also called exchange vessels because these exchange gases with the cells

A

capillaries

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8
Q

Location of the Heart

A

located near anterior chest wall, slightly to left of mid-line, apex inferior part of heart, base superior part of heart

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9
Q

The Heart consists of

A
  1. Outer covering
  2. Inner walls
  3. Chambers
  4. Valves
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10
Q

Outer covering of heart

A

Pericardium

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11
Q

The Pericardium is made up of 2 membranes

A

Fibrous membrane

Serous membrane

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12
Q

forms the superficial layer, made up of dense irregular tissue

A

Fibrous membrane

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13
Q

thinner more delicate layer, made up of two sublayers:

A

Serous Membrane

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14
Q

Parietal layer- layer directly under fibrous layer, lines the inner surface of pericardial sac
Serous viscersal- innermost layer, also called epicardium cover the out surface of the heart

A

Serous membrane sublayers

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15
Q

the area between Parietal layer and serous visceral layer

A

Pericardial cavity

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16
Q

fills the area between (pericardial cavity) these two linings to reduce friction as the heart beats

A

Pericardial fluid

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17
Q

Heart Wall Has 3 Layers

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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18
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer heart, also called Serous visceral layer

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19
Q

Myocardium

A

muscular wall of heart that forms atria and ventricles, middle layer, made up of cardiac muscle (involantary striated)

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20
Q

Endocardium

A

inner layer made up of simple squamous, covers tendons and valves

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21
Q

connected by “intercalated disks” (double membrane that connects two adjacent cells which allows the contraction command to be passed from cell to cell through gap junctions. Smaller then skeletal muscle cells, has single centrally located nucleus, branching connections between cardiac cells.

A

Cardiac muscle cells

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22
Q

receives blood from systemic circuit and passes to right ventricle

A

Right Atrium

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23
Q

pumps blood into pulmonary circuit

A

Right Ventricle

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24
Q

receives blood from pulmonary circuit and passes to left ventricle

A

Left atrium

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25
Q

transports blood to systemic circuit

A

Left Ventricle

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26
Q

Right Ventricles and Left Ventricles

A

contract they eject equal volumes of blood

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27
Q

What do the anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus separate?

A

The left and right vetricles

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28
Q

What is an expandable extension of an atrium?

A

Auricle

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29
Q

Deep groove between atria and ventricles usually filled with fat?

A

Coronary Sulcus

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30
Q

Receives blood from two great veins, the superior vena cava, and the inferior vena cava.

A

Right Atrium

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31
Q

Blood coming from head, neck, upper limbs and chest.

A

Superior vena cava

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32
Q

Blood coming from lower trunk and lower limbs.

A

Inferior vena cava

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33
Q

Superior vena cava and Inferior vena cava empty into what?

A

Coronary Sinus

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34
Q

An area the blood combines into prior to enter the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus

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35
Q

Before fetus is fully developed inside the womb, the right atria and left atria are connected allowing blood to flow through this because the lungs are not fully developed.

A

Foramen ovale

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36
Q

Muscles that are in both the wall and auricles of the Right atrium.

A

Pectinate muscles

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37
Q

Closed but as blood volume increases it opens up the valve allowing blood to pass into the right ventricle. The atria will contract forcing last of blood into right ventricle.

A

Tricuspid Valve

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38
Q

Blood flows from RA to RV through opening called

A

right atrioventricular valve

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39
Q

The right AV valve closes after blood fills the ventricle, then the RV contracts causing the blood to be ejected from RV through the

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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40
Q

Both ventricles have ______ to which _________ anchor the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

A

trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles

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41
Q

Blood enters the_____ until its filled, the valve between the LA and LV is closed

A

Left atrium

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42
Q

The valve between the LA/LV is the _________

A

left atrioventricular valve ( left AV, mitral valve, biscuspid)

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43
Q

Pectinate muscles are ONLY in the __________ NOT in the _______ of this chamber

A

auricle, walls

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44
Q

The _____ wall is thicker due to pressure required to push the blood through the systemic circuit.

A

left ventricle

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45
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle by passing through the _________ into the __________

A

aortic semilunar valve, ascending aorta

46
Q

Blood passes from Ascending aorta through the _______ into the ______.

A

aortic arch, descending aorta

47
Q

Prevents backflow of blood from ventricles in to atria

A

Atrioventricular valves

48
Q

The Biscuspid (mitral valve) is also known as the ______ valve

A

left av

49
Q

The Triscuspid valve is also known as the _______ valve

A

right av

50
Q

Prevents backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk and aorta into ventricles

A

Semilunar Valves

51
Q

Heart cells receive blood supply from the _______

A

coronary circuit

52
Q

The right and left coronary arteries begin at the ________

A

ascending aorta

53
Q

When the L ventricle relaxes, blood stops flowing into the aorta and pressure declines, causing the aorta to recoil causing ___________

A

elastic rebound

54
Q

Causes blood to pushed into coronary arteries

A

elastic rebound

55
Q

Provides blood to the R atrium, both ventricles, and both AV and SA nodes.

A

right coronary artery

56
Q

Provides blood L atrium, L ventricle, and interventicular septum

A

left coronary artery

57
Q

Cardiac cells involved in heart beat

A
  1. specialized cells of conducting system

2. contractible and contractile cells

58
Q

This muscle contracts on its own

A

cardiac muscle

59
Q

located in right atrium

A

sinoatrial (SA) node primary pacemaker

60
Q

located in the junction between right atrium/right ventricle

A

antrioventricular (AV) node

61
Q

conducting cells found in the atria, they are found in the _______ , pathway between SA and AV node

A

internodal pathway

62
Q

conducting cells found in ventricles, they include _________ and ___________

A

AV bundle, Purkinje Fibers

63
Q

The Conducting System contains

A

sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
conducting cells

64
Q

located in posterior wall of right atrium near entrance of superior vena cava and smaller node

A

SA node- sinoatrial node

65
Q

contains pacemaker that starts contractions and stimulates the AV nodes

A

SA node- sinoatrial node

66
Q

innervated by the Vagus nerve and Sympathetic nerve

A

SA node- sinoatrial node

67
Q

The stimualtion of the Vagus nerve causes a decrease in SA node rate and decreasing heart rate by _______ being released from vagus nerve endings, which bind to ___________ on the pacemaker cell membrane

A

ACH, muscarinic receptors

68
Q

The stimulation of the sympathetic fibers causes an increased heart rate due to the ______ released from the nerve endings which bind to ___________ on pacemaker cells

A

NE, adrenergic receptors

69
Q

SA node command to contract id carried to AV by one of 2 different methods

A

1) via internodal pathway

2) via each contracting cell’s gap junction to contract cell

70
Q
  • larger node at bottom of Atrium
  • takes 100 m/sec for impulse to pass through AV node and enter the AV bundle
  • only electrical connection between atria and ventricles is the AV bundle (bundle of his)
  • AV bundle impulse travels through interventricular septum to bottom of ventricles, where they stimuate Purkinje fibers, which relays impulse to throughout both ventricles
A

AV node

71
Q

Bundle of His

A

AV bundle

72
Q

faster the then normal heart beat

A

tachycardia

73
Q

slower then normal heart beat

A

bradycardia

74
Q

Conducting System

A
  1. SA node is activated
  2. Stimuli spreads from SA across both atria and reaches the AV node
  3. Stimuli is delayed, then both atria contract
  4. Stimuli travels along interventricular septum within AV bundle, will branch to become the Purkinje fiber
  5. Purkinje fibers distribute stimuli to the myocardium, causing ventricles to contract
75
Q

These cells receive the stimuli; resting potential is about -90 mV for the ventricular cardiac cells, and about -80 mV for the atrial cardiac cells; skeletal muscle is around -85 mV. Ventricular cardiac cells reach threshold of -75 mV

A

Contractile cell

76
Q

the channels open and Na+ ions enter; threshold is -75 mV

A

Rapid depolarization

77
Q

when transmembrane potential reaches 30 m, Na channels close and transmembrane potential becomes a little bit more negative as Na is pumped out ; but when Ca+2 channels open and Ca+2 enters the cell and binds to troponin same as skeletal muscle; potential remains at 0

A

The Plateau

78
Q

slow Ca+2 channels close and slow K+ channels open so K+ rushes out to reduce positive charge in cell.

A

Repolarization

79
Q

the time when a cell will not respond to a second stimuli, last 200 msec

A

Absolute refractory period

80
Q

short time after the absolute refractory period; cell will not respond to normal stimuli but will respond to greater stimuli

A

Relative refractory period

81
Q

has a longer relative period but shorter absolute refractory period

A

skeletal muscle

82
Q

has shorter relative period but longer absolute refractory period

A

cardiac muscle

83
Q

the period between start of one heartbeat and the beginning of another heartbeat, is divided into 2 phases

A

Cardiac cycle

84
Q

when the section/chamber of the heart contracts; blood leaves the chamber during contraction

A

Systole

85
Q

when the section chamber of heart contracts; blood enters the chamber for rest

A

Diastole

86
Q

Phases of Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. atrial diastole
  2. atrial systole
  3. ventricular systole
  4. ventricular diastole
87
Q

atria fills with blood; AV valve open; 70% of blood passively enters ventricle

A

atrial diastole

88
Q

atria contracts, pushing remaining blood 30% into ventricles

A

atrial systole

89
Q

AV valves close; semilunar valves open as blood is ejected into arteries; pressure in aorta reaches 120 mmHg

A

ventricular systole

90
Q

semilunar valve close; AV valves open; blood passively enters ventricles from atria; aorta rebounds and pressure drops to 80 mm Hg; all chambers are relaxed

A

ventricular diastole

91
Q

normally use artery in wrist or neck; depress artery against bone to feel the blood ______ through the vessels

A

Pulse

92
Q

ECG or EKG

A

Electrocardiograph

93
Q

listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope

A

auscultation

94
Q

depolarization (contraction) of the atria

A

P wave

95
Q

signal ventricles depolarization (contraction); this is large due to ventricle muscle being more massive then atrium

A

QRS wave

96
Q

signals ventricular depolarization (relaxation)

A

T wave

97
Q

there are ___ heart sounds, but normally we can only hear two of them S1 and S2

A

4

98
Q

sounds like “lubb”, caused by the AV valve (biscuspid/mitral valve and tricuspid) closing

A

S1

99
Q

sounds like “dubb”; this is caused by the closing of semilunar valve in ventricles

A

S2

100
Q

cannot be heard, flood flowing into ventricle

A

S3

101
Q

cannot be heard, atrial contraction

A

S4

102
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood pumped per minute

103
Q

Formula for CO (cardiac output)

A

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

CO = HR x SV

104
Q

the amount of blood (about 130 mL) in each ventricle at the end of ventricle diastole

A

EDV End Diastolic Volume

105
Q

the amount of blood ( about 50 mL) left in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

A

ESV End Systolic Volume

106
Q

Stroke Volume

A

EDV - ESV = SV

107
Q

amount of blood about 70 to 80 mL pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat

A

Stroke Volume (130 mL - 50 mL = 80 mL)

108
Q

Changes in EDV can be affected by

A
  1. filling time

2. venous return

109
Q

Frank Starling Principle

A

“more in, more out”

110
Q

Changes in ESV

A
  1. preload
  2. contractilty of ventricle
  3. after load
111
Q

Factors affecting heart rate

A
  1. ANS
  2. hormones
  3. venous return

AP2 (7 decks)

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