Urinary System Flashcards
What 3 diseases are congenitally acquired in regards to the kidney?
Renal Cysts
Renal Dysplasia
Nephroblastomas
What are the 3 divisions of the renal parenchyma?
Cortex
Medulla
Pelvis (Papilla)
An absence of development of one or both kidneys
Renal Aplasia
Abnormally small kidneys with normal architecture
characterized by a reduced number of
histologically normal lobules and calyxes
Renal Hypoplasia
A very rare developmental abnormality of the kidney
characterized by abnormal and asynchronous (disorganized) development
of renal tissues
Renal Dysplasia
A common congenital renal malformation, found mostly in pigs and calves,
the lesions of this abnormality are lined by flat or cuboidal epithelium
and are often an incidental finding
Renal Cysts
This congenital abnormality of the kidney
is characterized by a “honeycomb appearance” upon cut surface.
It is an inherited autosomal dominant condition in Pigs and Lambs
and has familial tendency for Cairn Terriers, Bull Terriers, Collies,
Nubian Goats, and Persian Cats
Polycystic Disease
This is a rare developmental abnormality of the kidney
seen in swine, dogs, and cattle
with a familial tendency towards
Doberman Pinschers and Beagles
Renal Aplasia
What breed of dog is implicated in
familial tendency of Renal Hypoplasia?
Cocker Spaniels
This is a veery rare autosomal dominant developmental abnormality of the kidney
with a familial tendency towards Suffolk Sheep
Renal Dysplasia
Pigs can develop Renal Dysplasia if they are
suffering from this nutritional deficiency
Hypervitaminosis A
Congenital infections with
- Feline Panleukopenia*
- Canine Herpesvirus*
- Bovine Viral Diarrhea*
can cause this developmental abnormality of the kidney
to occur
Renal Dysplasia
A normal kidney in an abnormal location
Ectopic Kidney
This developmental abnormality of the kidney
seen mainly in dogs and pigs,
is a predisposing factor for
Ureter Obstruction
and
Development of Hydronephrosis
Ectopic Kidney
The congenital malformation that results from the
fusion of the cranial or caudal poles of the kidneys.
Also known as “Horseshoe Kidney”
Retained Fetal Lobulation and Fusion
Lipofuscinosis is a pigmentary disturbance characterized by
dark brown to black normal-sized kidneys
and
dark brown cardiac parenchyma.
Which species is Lipofuscinosis an incidental finding?
Old Cattle!
Bile pigmentation of the kidneys results in yellow-green kidneys.
Caused by an obstructive jaundice or severe liver disease,
the kidneys excrete conjugated bilirubin
resulting in ___________
Choluria
Glomeruli are preferentially affected by what circulatory disturbance of
the kidneys?
Renal Hemorrhage
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is caused by viral infections such as
- Canine Herpesvirus*
- Hog Cholera*
- African Swine Fever*
Renal Hemorrhage
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is caused by bacterial infections such as:
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*
- Streptococcus spp.*
- Salmonellosis*
Renal Hemorrhages
Name the 3 acquired/congenital clotting defects that
cause renal hemorrhages
Coumarin poisoning (sweet clover)
Vit K deficiency
Hemophilia A and B
In chronic renal infarcts, prolonged ischemia leads to
infarction/coagulative necrosis of the kidney.
How does this heal?
With FIBROSIS
The thrombosis of this renal vessel is majorly implicated
in renal infarcts
Interlobular artery
Valvular Endocarditis is a common cause
of this renal circulatory disturbance
Renal infarcts
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidney is most
likely seen in a dog with Renal Amyloidosis?
Renal infarcts
The kidney is the most important target of this heterogenous disease
characterized by proteinaceous deposition
Amyloidosis
What is the most common form of Amyloidosis
in domestic animals?
Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis
Primary Amyloidosis, which is very rare in domestic animals,
is characterized by the deposition of this type of amyloid derived
from the Ig light chains of abnormal plasma cells
Amyloid AL
In Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis,
deposition is only of Amyloid AA, which
originates from __________
serum a-globulin
Chronic antigenic stimulation is implicated in causing this type of
Amyloidosis
Secondary Reactive Amyloidosis
Name the breed of cat and the breed of dog that has
familial tendency for Renal Amyloidosis
Abyssinian Cats
Sharpei Dogs
In most species, pink amorphous amyloid is deposited into the Glomeruli.
In which two species is amyloid deposited into
the medullary interstitium?
Cats
Cattle
Congo Red Stain and Thyoflavin-T
are stains used to confirm the presence of
Amyloid
In what area of the kidney would you see necrosis
if endotoxemia is the injurious agent?
the CORTEX
(Renal Cortical Necrosis)
Which drug is implicated in the causation of Renal Medullary (Papillary) Necrosis
of the kidney in horses?
NSAIDs
Amyloidosis in cats, pyelonephritis, and Diabetes Mellitus
can all cause this form of renal necrosis
Renal Medullary (Papillary) Necrosis
The acute necrosis of tubular cells of the kidney is known as
Renal Nephrosis
Because of the high metabolic activity of renal tubular epithelium,
proximal tubules are highly susceptible to
what two insults?
Ischemia
Toxic Damage
(Renal Nephrosis)
What are your differential diagnoses for
diffusely pale kidneys?
Amyloidosis
Acute Nephrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Lymphosarcoma
What type of circulatory disturbance of the kidneys
is characterized by Fibrosis, Tubular Loss, Architectural Disorganization,
Regeneration, and a Limited Inflammatory Response?
Nephrosis
Ingestion of this substance
precipitates as crystals in the tubules of the kidneys
causing “Oxalate Nephrosis”
Ethylene glycol
This nephrotoxic plant causes tubular degeneration and peri-renal edema
in Pigs and Cattle
Pigweed
Amaranthus retroflexus
Tannins found in this nephrotoxic plant
are implicated in the acute tubular necrosis
of the endothelial cells of Horses and Cattle
Oak
Quercus spp.
Embolic nephritis
presents as multifocal suppurative glomerulitis and can progress
chronically to renal microabscesses.
Histologically, this bacteria is seen in glomerular and interstitial capillaries
of affected foals.
Actinobacillus equuli
Glomerulonephritis is largely associated with this
type of injury
Immune-mediated injury
What are the two main immune-mediated mechanisms
implicated in the pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis?
Deposition of Ag/Ab complexes
Autoantibodies directed against the GBM (Glomerular Basement Membrane)
Which immune-mediated mechanism is seen more commonly
in regards to the pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis in domestic animals?
Deposition of Ag/Ab complexes
What are the 3 morphological types of Glomerulonephritis?
Membranous
Proliferative
Membrano-proliferative
Which morphologic type of glomerulonephritis often
leads to glomerular sclerosis?
Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis
What pathogen is responsible for “White Spotted Kidney”,
a common condition of young cattle?
Multifocal Interstitial Nephritis is a common incidental finding.
E. coli
causes residual lesions (off-white foci) on the kidney
from the bacteremia it caused in the first few weeks of the cow’s life
Interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and dilation, and aggregates
of lymphocytes and plasma cells are seen in this
chronic inflammatory condition of the kidney
Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
Different serovars of Leptospira interrogans are implicated in
causing this condition of the kidney
Dogs: Canicola or Icterohaemorrhagiae
Cattle: Canicola
Pigs: Pomona
Interstitial Nephritis
Unlike other forms of nephritis, the lesions of
_____________ are not necessarily symmetrical
Pyelonephritis
The pathogenesis of this kidney condition is described by the following:
Ascending bacterial infection→ Ascend ureters→ Invade renal pelvis→
Move through renal tubules→ Reach renal parenchyma
Pyelonephritis!
What part of the kidney is most susceptible to infection
and therefore pyelonephritis?
Renal Medulla
Normally prevented by the oblique insertion of the ureters into the bladder wall,
this abnormality, commonly seen in puppies, is a predisposing factor
for Pyelonephritis
Abnormal Vesicoureteral Reflux
(Retrograde flow of urine)
The form of chronic nephritis characterized by the predominance
of macrophages inthe inflammatory infiltrate
Granulomatous Nephritis
What type of nephritis is caused by the following pathogens?
- Coronavirus*
- Mycobacteria* in Cows
- Ascaris migration* in Dogs
- Halicephalobus gingivalis migration* in Horses
Granulomatous nephritis
The dry form of granulomatous nephritis is caused by this
condition, resulting in multifocal to coalescing off-white raised nodules
on the cortical and cut surfaces of the kidneys in cats
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
What is the main differential for dry form granulomatous nephritis?
Lymphosarcoma!
This large parasite resides in the renal pelvis and can be found free-floating
in the peritoneal cavity of minks, dogs, and other fish-eating animals.
“Giant Kidney Worm”
Dioctiophyma renale
When the larvae of this parasite of pigs migrates from the
intestine→liver, hepatitis, phlebitis, and abscesses can occur.
After the liver it travels to→peritoneal cavity→ peri-renal fat→ adjacent tissues
where it may form cysts that often communicate with the renal pelvis
Stephanurus dentatus
The abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyxes with
progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma caused by
an increased pressure following partial or complete obstruction of the urine outflow
Hydronephrosis
This type of necrosis seen in Hydronephrosis
due to the partial or complete
obstruction of urine outflow
Pressure→Ischemia→Atrophy
Papillary necrosis
The formation of solid or semisolid concretions called calculi anywhere in the
urinary tract collecting system is known as
Urolithiasis
What type of dietary issue can predispose sheep to urolithiasis?
High phosphate diets
High levels of this dietary component found in
grazing pastures for cattle
predisposes the cattle to urolithiasis
High silica levels
The most common type of urolith in canines is
STRUVITE
Struvites are composed primarily of which 3 minerals?
Magnesium
Aluminum
Phosphate
Struvite urolithiasis is seen in feedlot cattle
that are feeding on a diet high in
grain rations
Water Belly is a serious complication in cows
that describes bladder distention and rupture.
What is the causative circumstance that results in Water Belly?
A urolith is lodged in the urethra
Familial Renal Diseases are most commonly seen in this species
DOGS
Which breeds of dogs are affected by the abnormal structure
seen in familial glomerulopathies?
Samoyeds
Doberman Pinschers
What breed of dog is affected by familial renal fibrosis,
a structural defect?
Norwegian Elkhounds
Basenji’s have familial predisposition for this condition,
a functional abnormality affecting reabsorption in the kidney
Fanconi Syndrome
Which breed has familial predisposition for
Primary Renal Glucosuria, a functional abnormality?
Norwegian Elkhounds
Five types of renal conditions can result in End Stage Kidney.
Name the conditions.
Interstitial Nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
Granulomatous nephritis
Massive infarction
What is the renal response to renal injury of the basement membrane?
Healing by fibrosis
If fibrosis is very severe, what is the renal response?
Nephrosclerosis
Renal failure is defined as the loss of
______% of renal function
70 - 75%
Hypoxia and toxins are more likely to cause dysfunction in this part of the kidney
Tubular dysfunction
Damage to the basement membrane, endothelium, epithelium, or mesangium
are more likely to cause dysfunction in this part of the kidney
Glomerular Dysfunction
This metabolic waste product is produced in the liver
as a nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism
Urea
This metabolic waste product is a normal byproduct
of phosphocreatine, a substance involved in muscle contraction
Creatinine
A biochemical abnormality mostly due to decreased GFR caused by
the abnormal elevation of urea and creatinine in the blood
without clinical manifestations of renal disease
Azotemia
A clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances such as urea and creatinine
Uremia
Uremic Stomatitis/Glossitis is a condition that occurs in cats and dogs
when oral bacteria transform urea→ ___________→which irritates
the oral epithelium and causes ulceration of mucosa
Ammonia (NH3)
Arteriolar necrosis with mucosal infarction and mineralization
of the gastric glands and submucosal blood vessels is
characteristic of this non-renal manifestation of Uremia
Hemorrhagic Ulcerative Gastritis (Dogs, Cats) and Colitis (Horses,Cattle)
The left atria and proximal aorta are predilection sites for this non-renal
manifestation of uremia
Endocarditis/Mucoarteritis
Deposition of _________ causes subsequent fibrinoid degeneration
of the subendocardial connective tissue in non-renal uremic
endocarditis/mucoarteritis
glycosaminoglycans
A non-renal manifestation of uremia involves deposition of mineral in the
walls of several tissues and vessels. If it is deposited in
the cranial intercostal space, it is known as “Pleural Frosting”
Name the condition
Dystrophic and Metastatic Calcification
This condition occurs when damage to the air-blood barrier causes plasma to leak into alveoli. Often the cause of death in uremic animals, this presents as
foamy liquid in the trachea
Pulmonary Edema
In Uremic Pneumopathy, the lungs fail to collapse, are heavy and moist, with rounded edges. Histologically, there is
eosinophilic material within alveoli indicative of _______
and
basophilic material within alveolar walls indicative of _______
eosinophilic material within alveoli indicative of Edema
and
basophilic material within alveolar walls indicative of Mineralization
Describe the pathogenesis of Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Kidney’s job is to excrete phosphorus→
Abnormal kidney function causes retained phosophorus (Hyperphosphatemia)→
Body responds in order to increase calcium→
Activates the parathyroid glands which promote reabsorption of calcium from bone
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the bladder
Ingestion of this by horses can cause cystitis
Blister Beetles (Cantharidan Toxicity) in Alfalfa
Ingestion of this by cattle can cause cystitis
Bracken fern (Quercetin and Ptaquiloside Toxicity)
Two agents have synergistic properties resulting in
enhanced neoplastic transformation in the bladder of cattle
Bovine Papillomavirus-2 + Bracken Fern!!!
How does acute cystitis present?
Mucosal hemorrhage, ulceration, and production of
hemorrhagic and fibrinopurulent exudate
How does Chronic Cystitis present?
Mucous metaplasia of transitional epithelium
What are the types of chronic cystitis?
Follicular
Polyploid
Emphysematous
Dogs and cats with Diabetes Mellitus are most likely to
develop this type of chronic cystitis
Emphysematous cystitis
A diet high in these components predisposes a male cat to
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease, which is characterized by
obstruction of the urethra by a urethral plug
Magnesium and Phosphate
Bladder tumors are seen ______ often than Renal tumors
MORE
What are the types of primary epithelial tumors
found in the urinary tract?
Renal Adenoma
Renal Adenocarcinoma
Renal Cystadenocarcinoma
What are the types of primary urinary tumors?
Nephroblastoma
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
What are the types of primary mesenchymal tumors?
Leiomyosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What kind of metastatic tumor forms in the kidney?
Malignant Melanoma
Enzootic Hematuria is a condition describing cattle that
ingest _________, a plant that predisposes the cattle to Transitional Cell
Carcinoma
Bracken Fern (Pteridium spp.)
What are the segmental patterns of kidney disease?
Infarction
Pyelonephritis
What are the embolic patterns of kidney disease?
Inflammatory
Metastatic
What are the generalized patterns of kidney disease?
Cortical necrosis
Tubular necrosis
What are the medullary (papillary) and pelvic patterns of kidney disease?
Pyelonephritis and Hydronephritis
