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2015:Pathology II > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

These component of the CNS are of

ectodermal origin

and are sensitive to hypoxia

A

Neurons

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

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2
Q

These components of the CNS

are of mesodermal origin

and are not as sensitive to hypoxia

A

Microglia

Vascular Endothelium

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3
Q

The arrangement of neurons in the CNS is called a

A

Nuclei

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4
Q

The arrangement of neurons in the PNS

is called a

A

Ganglia

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5
Q

What are the 5 ways a neuron can react to injury?

A
  1. Chromatolysis
  2. Acidophilia
  3. Cytoplasmic Vacuolation
  4. Inclusions
  5. Neuronophagia
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6
Q

An injured neuron can react to injury by the

swelling of the cell body and dissolution of Nissl granules

with margination of the nucleus.

This reversible reaction is called

A

Chromatolysis

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7
Q

Cell death due to ischemic change causes neurons to shrink

and appear angular and reddish in color with a

pyknotic (absent) nucleus.

This neuronal reaction to injury is called

A

Acidophilia

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8
Q

If a neuron appears swollen with bubbles and intracytoplasmic edema,

it has reacted to injury in which way?

A

Cytoplasmic Vacuolation

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9
Q

A neuron can respond to injury by accumulating this pigment

in its own cytoplasm or nucleus

A

Lipofuscin

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10
Q

Neuronophagia, or phagocytosis of neurons, is carried out by

which cell of the CNS?

A

Microglia

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11
Q

Copper deficiency causes this neuronal reaction,

while Thiamine deficiency causes this one

A

Copper: Chromatolysis

Thiamine: Acidophilia

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12
Q

Hypoglycemia can cause this permanent ischemic change in neurons

A

Acidophilia

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13
Q

An animal with GM1 Gangliosidosis or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

is most likely to have this neuronal reaction

A

Cytoplasmic vacuolation

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions are seen in the neurons

of animals with this virus

A

Rabies

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15
Q

This virus causes lipofuscin inclusions in the nucleus of neurons

A

Herpesvirus

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16
Q

What cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

What cells produce myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann Cells

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18
Q

This myelin producing cell connects to multiple internodes

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

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19
Q

What are the components of myelin?

A

75% lipid

25% protein

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20
Q

“White Matter” of the brain gets its color from ________

A

MYELIN!

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21
Q

Which animal has more myelin at birth?

Foal

or

Mouse

A

FOAL!

A foal is more mobile at birth and mobility

directly reflects myelin content

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22
Q

What type of demyelination occurs if an axon is damaged?

A

Secondary Demyelination

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23
Q

Infectious agents and toxins use ________ axoplasmic flow

from the motor end plate to the cell body

A

RETROGRADE

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24
Q

3 examples of pathogens that use retrograde axoplasmic flow

A
  • Listeria*
  • Rabies*
  • Tetanus*
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25
Q

The concomitant degeneration of axon and sheath that results when

a nerve fiber is cut or crushed, in which the part of the axon separated from the

neuronal cell body degenerates distal to the injury

A

Wallerian Degeneration

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26
Q

Anterograde degeneration is also known as

A

Wallerian Degeneration

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27
Q

T/F:

Lead poisoning results in demyelination of the neurons affected.

A

FALSE

Lead poisoning results in

Wallerian degeneration

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28
Q

Supporting cells within the brain are called Neuroglia.

What 4 types of cells are considered neuroglia?

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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29
Q

Neuroglia outnumber neurons ____:1

A

50:1

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30
Q

The CNS counterpart of the fibroblast

A

Astrocyte

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31
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes produce _____ matter

A

Grey matter

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32
Q

Fibrillar astrocytes produce _______ matter

A

White matter

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33
Q

Astrocytes are stained using

34
Q

These cells are responsible for transporting nutrients, perivascular cuffing,

antigen MHC II presentation, and are part of the blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

35
Q

What 3 ways do Astrocytes respond to injury?

A

Proliferation (Gliosis)

Walling off of a damaged area (Scarring)

Swelling (Gemistocytes)

36
Q

A swollen astrocyte is known as a

A

Gemistocyte

37
Q

These cells are seen as small dark nuclei between myelin sheaths

on or around neurons that develop and maintain myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

38
Q

An oligodendrocyte destroyed by a virus or toxin

will result in _________ demyelination

A

PRIMARY demyelination

39
Q

The smallest neuroglial cells with dark elongated nuclei which originate from

the mesoderm and are responsible for phagocytosis and antigen presentation

40
Q

When a microglial cell is phagocytizing myelin, it is known as a

41
Q

When a microglial cell is clearing debris, it is known as a

A

GITTER cell

GITTER DONE!

42
Q

The ciliated cuboidal neuroglial cells that line the neural canal, ventricles,

and choroid plexus, and are responsible for production of CSF

(cerebrospinal fluid)

A

Ependymal cells

43
Q

What are the 3 types of Edema of the Brain?

A

Cytotoxic

Vasogenic

Interstitial

44
Q

What type of edema of the brain is likely to result from

intoxication or hypoglycemia?

A

Cytotoxic Edema

45
Q

What type of Edema of the brain is likely to result from either

Vit E/Selenium deficiency, Renal Failure, or Vasculitis?

A

Vasogenic Edema

46
Q

Hydrocephalus is this type of Edema, caused by the

increased transependymal movement of CSF

A

Interstitial Edema

47
Q

Brain Swelling can lead to 3 forms of brain herniation.

What are they?

A

Subfalcine Herniation

Transtentorial/Gyral Herniation

Caudal Cerebellar/Tonsillar Herniation

48
Q

Cerebellar coning is a type of _________ Herniation

A

Caudal Cerebellar/Tonsillar

49
Q

4 things can cause hemorrhaging in the brain. What are they?

A

Trauma

Anoxia

Vasculitis

Hematomas

50
Q

What are the 3 classification of brain hematomas?

A

Epidural/Subdural

Subarachnoid

Intracerebral

51
Q

A skull fracture in which the dura is peeled off the skull

results in this type of hematoma

A

Epidural Hematoma

52
Q

Which artery most commonly ruptures in an epidural hematoma?

A

Middle Meningeal Artery

53
Q

In an injury where the dura is still attached to the skull and

venous blood is the component that is leaking out,

the most likely type of hematoma to occur is

A

SUBDURAL hematoma

54
Q

Post necrotic softening of the brain tissue

55
Q

T/F:

Malacia is a reversible change that heals by Astrocytosis

A

FALSE!

Malacia is IRREVERSIBLE, but some healing does occur via Astrocytosis

56
Q

The post-necrotic softening of the grey matter of the brain is called

A

Poliomalacia

57
Q

This is a typical lesion seen in fetuses from protozoal abortions.

Histologically, a “core” is seen surrounded by inflammatory cells

58
Q

What 3 things can cause Malacia?

A

Trauma

Infarction

Vascular Disease (toxins, deficiencies, inflammation,arteriosclerosis)

59
Q

T/F:

Thiamine deficiency can result in malacia

60
Q

T/F:

Malacia is a common manifestation of arteriosclerosis

A

FALSE!

Arteriosclerosis is a RARE CAUSE of malacia

61
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain.

GM1 Gangliosidosis affects this breed of animal

A

Friesian Calves

62
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain.

Alpha-Mannosidosis affects this breed of animal

A

Angus Cattle

63
Q

Lysosomal Storage Diseases are implicated in congenital malformations of the brain.

Cairn Terriers and West Highlan White Terriers are predisposed to this

disease

A

Globoid Leukodystrophy

64
Q

An enzyme defect in beta-galactosidase

is seen in this Lysosomal Storage Disease

A

GM1 Gangliosidosis of Freisian Calves

65
Q

What is the defective enzyme in Globoid Leukodystrophy

of Cairn and West Highland White Terriers?

A

galactocerebrosidase

66
Q

_______ are responsible for extrinsic causes of congenital brain

malformations

A

Teratogens

67
Q

The 4 categories of teratogens that can cause congenital brain

malformations are

A
  1. Heat
  2. Toxins
  3. Nutritional Deficiencies
  4. Infectious Agents
68
Q

Ingestion of this plant can cause an acquired form of Mannosidosis

which can result in a congenital brain malformation

A

Locoweeds (Astragalus, Oxytropis)

69
Q

A deficiency in ______ causes dysmyelination in sheep,

resulting in a congenital malformation called “Swayback”

A

Copper deficiency

70
Q

What type of congenital malformation is caused by in utero

infectious by BVD (Bovine Viral Diarrhea) and

FPV (Feline Panleukopenia)?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia

71
Q

Schmallenberg Virus causes this congenital malformation in calves

that results in malformed or defective joints

A

Arthrogryposis

72
Q

In utero infection of calves with ________

and

pigs with _________ causes

Microencephaly, or incomplete brain development

A

Calves with BVD

and

Pigs with Classical Swine Fever

73
Q

The abnormal accumulation of CSF resulting in brain swelling

A

Hydrocephalus

74
Q

What kind of animals are at risk for developing the congenital form of

hydrocephalus?

A

Toy breeds of dogs!

(Doming of skulls)

75
Q

What 4 obstructive processes can cause an acquired form of

Hydrocephalus?

A

Meningitis

Abscesses

Tumors

Cysts

76
Q

Dilation of ventricles and thinning of the septum between ventricles

is seen in this brain condition

A

Hydroencephalus

77
Q

Trace the steps of CSF Circulation

A

Choroid Plexus (Lateral ventricles 3 & 4)→

Foramen Munro→

III Ventricle→

Subarachnoid Space→

Venous Circulation

78
Q

This duct is often obstructed in cases of Hydroencephalus

A

Mesencephalic duct

79
Q

What is hydrAencephaly?

A

Absence of cerebral hemispheres that may result in CSF filled sacs

80
Q

The defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord

A

Spina Bifida

2015:Pathology II (5 decks)

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