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2015:Pathology II > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

A compensatory mechanism in which the heart stretches

in order to increase contractile force and thus stroke volume

resulting in the maintenance of normal cardiac output

A

Cardiac Dilatation

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2
Q

Acute onset of cardiac failure is known as

A

Cardiac Syncope

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3
Q

Brisket Edema is an example of this cardiac pathology

exhibited in bulls

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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4
Q

This congenital anomaly of the heart manifests as bulging blood filled

cysts, usually on the AV valves of post natal ruminants.

It looks gross, but causes NO functional abnormalities

A

Valvular Hematocysts

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5
Q

What does the Tetralogy of Fallot describe?

A

4 abnormalities that result in

insufficiently oxygenated blood being pumped to the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 abnormalities described in the Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  1. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
  2. Pulmonary Stenosis
  3. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
  4. Overriding (Dextroposition) Aorta
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7
Q

A manifestation of ventricular septal defect (VSD)

causes endocardial fibrosis within the right ventricle.

These lesions are better known as:

A

Jet Lesions

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8
Q

What is Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

The narrowing of the pulmonary valve

resulting in not enough blood reaching the lungs

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9
Q

This abnormality, described by the Tetralogy of Fallot, is

secondary to pulmonary stenosis

A

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

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10
Q

Where is the aorta located in Overriding (Dextroposition) Aorta?

A

In OA, the aorta is located between the left and right ventricles

directly above the VSD

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11
Q

Tetrology of Fallot is inherited in which 2 breeds of dog?

A

Keeshonds

English Bulldogs

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12
Q

This is one of the most common anomalies in dogs and results in

compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle

and

dilation of the aorta

A

Aortic Stenosis

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13
Q

Tricuspid dysplasia is most common in this species

A

CATS

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14
Q

A congenital defect in which the ductus arteriosus fails to

close after birth. This defect is common and seen in all species.

A

PDA

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

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15
Q

What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs?

A

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

PRAA

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16
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of PRAA

A

Right aortic arch fails to regress→

Entrapment of esophagus and trachea by the ligamentum arteriosum→

Esophagus is compressed→

Dysphagia and megaesophagus

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17
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of PRAA?

A

Regurgitation

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18
Q

Animals with PRAA normally die from this condition

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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19
Q

Certain breeds of dogs are predisposed to PRAA.

List them.

A

German Shepherds

Irish Setters

Great Danes

GIG

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20
Q

What causes hemopericardium?

A

Ruptured atrial hemangiosarcoma (HSA)

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21
Q

Pericardial Effusion in pigs as a result of

Vit E/Selenium Deficiency

is better known as:

A

Mulberry Heart Disease

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22
Q

This disease is characterized by

  • Myocardial hemorrhagic necrosis*
  • Pleural Effusion*
  • Pulmonary Edema*

and is caused by a nutritional deficiency

A

Mulberry Heart Disease (Pericardial Effusion)

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23
Q

Fluid around the heart

is called

A

Pericardial Effusion

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24
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis (or Black Leg) is

an acute, highly fatal disease of cattle and sheep.

What pathogen is implicated in its causation?

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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25
Q

Describe the lesions on the myocardium in Black Leg (Fibrinous Pericarditis)

A

Necrotizing and Suppurative

due to Emphysematous Swelling

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26
Q

In Hardware Disease, pleuritis and pulmonary abscessation

can occur if the sharp metal object penentrates the

__________ Cavity.

If it penetrates the ____ _____, pericarditis and myocarditis result

A

Thoracic

Pericardial Sac

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27
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

is better known as

A

Hardware Disease

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28
Q

What is the most common manifestation of pericardial disease?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

(pericardial effusion)

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29
Q

T/F:

Acute pericardial effusion is the most common type of pericardial effusion

and it is seen most commonly in

middle aged, male, large breed dogs

A

FALSE!

CHRONIC is the most common!

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30
Q

When the pericardium and epicardium are fused into

one fibrous layer that must be painstakingly removed surgically

it is called

A

Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis

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31
Q

Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac

A

Cardiac Tamponade

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32
Q

What traumatic events cause Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis to

progress to Chronic Cardiac Tamponade?

A

Left Atrial Rupture

Thoracic Trauma

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33
Q

T/F:

Chronic Cardiac Tamponade results in clinical signs of left-sided CHF

A

FALSE!

Tamponade presents clinically like RIGHT sided CHF

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34
Q

The innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart

A

Endocardium

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35
Q

Endocardial Mineralization and Valvular Endocardiosis

are _________ endocardial diseases

A

degenerative

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36
Q

What nutritional excess is implicated in endocardial mineralization?

A

Hypervitaminosis D

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37
Q

Which calcinogenic plants with Vit D analogs

can cause endocardial mineralization when ingested?

A

Cestrum

Trisetum

Solanum

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38
Q

Cattle debilitated with __________ Disease

can have fibrosis and mineralization of the endocardium of the left atrium

A

Johne’s Disease

Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis

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39
Q

This is the most common cardiac disease in dogs

A

Valvular Endocardiosis

(<em>Myxomatous/Mucoid Valvular Degeneration</em>)

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40
Q

Which valve is most commonly affected in

Valvular Endocardiosis?

A

Mitral Valve

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41
Q

Which breeds are genetically predisposed to

Valvular Endocardiosis?

A

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels

Dachshunds

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42
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of the

degenerative condition of

Valvular Endocardiosis

A

AV valve collagen degenerates→

Mitral Prolapse→

Spongiform layer proliferation→

Nodular thickening of cardiac valve leaflets

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43
Q

Valvular Endocardiosis can result in

endocardial fibroelastosis

which is also known as

A

JET LESIONS

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44
Q

Jet Lesions, or endocardial fibroelastosis,

are seen in which cardiac pathologies?

A

VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect)

Valvular Endocardiosis

Valvular Endocarditis

45
Q

Jet lesions are caused by the pronounced, diffuse

thickening of the _______ endocardium

A

ventricular

46
Q

Inflammation of the endocardium, or endocarditis, can be caused by

3 things. What are they?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Uremia (Acute Renal Failure)
  3. Parasites
47
Q

What is the difference between endocarditis and endocardiosis?

A

Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium

Endocardiosis is a degenerative condition of the mitral heart valve (left AV valve)

48
Q

What causes Valvular Endocarditis in pigs?

A

Erysipelathrix rhusiopathiae

49
Q

What causes Ulcerative Mural Endocarditis?

A

Uremia/Acute Renal Failure

50
Q

What is the most important cause of endocarditis

in dogs?

A

HEARTWORM!

Dirofilaria immitis

51
Q

Heartworms, which cause endocarditis in dogs, are most

likely to be found in what areas of the heart?

A

Pulmonary arteries

Right Ventricle

52
Q

Endothelial injury, blood turbulence, and hypercoagulability

are all involved in the pathogenesis of this cardiac disease

A

Endocarditis

53
Q

This nutritional myopathy commonly causes

myocardial necrosis and mineralization

in many species of animals

A

Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency

54
Q

White Muscle Disease

and

Mulberry Heart Disease

are both caused by

A

Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency

55
Q

T/F:

If you suspect that a piglet has mulberry heart disease,

an injection of iron dextran is the accepted treatment

A

FALSE!

Iron Dextran injections in a piglet already low in Vit E can cause

a severe myopathy!!

NEVER DO IT

56
Q

T/F:

Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency can cause nervous signs

in pigs

A

TRUE!

Nervous signs seen due to focal encephalomalacia

57
Q

These antibiotics, given to cattle to promote feeding and prevent coccidiosis,

can cause ionophore toxicity in high amounts

resulting in myocardial necrosis and mineralization

A

Monensin

Lasalocid

58
Q

Pigs that ingest cottonseed are at risk for ________ toxicity

A

Gossypol toxicity

59
Q

What pathology is associated with the heart of pigs that ingest cottonseed?

A

Myocardial necrosis and mineralization

60
Q

In the postmortem examination of a pig,

you observe an pale, enlarged heart with a mottled pattern.

Its liver is considered a “nutmeg” liver and is enlarged, mottled, and friable.

Upon inspection of the trachea, you notice froth inside of it.

The lungs exhibit signs of edema and congestion.

What is your number one differential?

A

Gossypol toxicity from ingestion of cottonseed

61
Q

What is Uremia?

A

A raised level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products

normally eliminated by the kidney

62
Q

T/F:

One cause of myocardial necrosis and mineralization in dogs and cats

is Uremia

63
Q

Cardiomyopathies, or structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium,

are most commonly seen in which two species?

64
Q

What are the 3 types of primary (idiopathic) cardiomyopathies?

A

Dilated

Hypertrophic

Restrictive

65
Q

In this structural myocardial condition, the heart is rounded and enlarged.

Male animals, especially cats and dogs, are the most commonly affected.

A

DILATED cardiomyopathy

66
Q

What species of animal is most likely to be affected by

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

67
Q

You receive a slide labeled: Cardiomyocytes (Cat)

Upon observation with a microscope, you notice that

they are not arranged in a parallel fashion as they should be, rather

they are more in an interweaving pattern.

What is the most likely explanation for this?

A

The cat has Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

68
Q

Which 4 breeds of dogs have increased susceptibility for

dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Doberman Pinschers

Portuguese Water Dogs

Dalmatians

St. Bernards

69
Q

an exclusively feline condition that

causes a severe situation where

a lodged clot cuts off blood supply to the legs

A

Saddle Thrombus

70
Q

Inflammation of the middle layer of the heart wall is called

A

Myocarditis

71
Q

What bacteria is implicated in causing

necrotizing and suppurative myocarditis

seen commonly in North American feedlot cattle?

A

Histophilus somni

72
Q

Inflammation and Degeneration of muscle tissue is called

73
Q

This platyhelminth parasite causes Cysticercosis,

an important zoonotic disease resulting in parasitic myositis

A

Taenia solium

74
Q

The larval stage of a Taenia solium is called the __________

and is found in the muscle of intermediate hosts like

pig and cattle

A

Cysticercus

75
Q

The adult stage of Taenia solium is found in the intestine of the definitive host.

What species serve as a definitive host?

A

Humans

Dogs

Wild Carnivores

76
Q

T/F:

Cysticercosis in humans occurs when a human ingests the larval

cysticerci of Taenia solium in undercooked pork.

A

FALSE!!

Cysticercosis in humans is from ingesting Taenia EGGS!

Ingestion of cysticerci results in the formation of tapeworms in the intestines

77
Q

What are the 4 types of Primary Cardiac Neoplasia?

A

Rhabdomyoma/ Rhabdomyosarcoma

Schwannoma

Hemangiosarcoma (HAS)

Chemodectoma (Heart Base Tumors)

78
Q

This is a rapidly growing, highly invasive tumor of the lining of blood vessels

and is seen almost exclusively in dogs. It is a primary cardiac neoplasia

and can metastasize due to its incredible vascularity

A

Hemangiosarcoma (HAS)

79
Q

This is a highly vascular glomus tumor arising from the paraganglion cells

of the carotid body. It is a primary cardiac neoplasia and is located at the

carotid bifurcation.

A

CHEMODECTOMA (Aortic Body Tumor)

80
Q

T/F:

Lymphosarcoma (LSA) is a type of primary cardiac neoplasia

A

FALSE

It is a secondary cardiac neoplasm that metastasized to the heart

81
Q

Cattle and Dogs are most likely to be affected by this

secondary metastatic form of cardiac neoplasia

A

Lymphosarcoma (LSA)

82
Q

When a cow develops Lymphosarcoma (LSA) after being infected by

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), the condition is called

A

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL)

83
Q

Lymphosarcoma (LSA) in cattle can result from infection

by this retrovirus.

A

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

84
Q

Inflammation of the walls of an artery

85
Q

What agent is responsible for causing Acute Arteritis in pigs,

which presents as multiple cutaneous infarcts in a diamond shaped pattern?

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

86
Q

Chronic infection by Erisepelothrix rhusiopathiae

in pigs can result in this condition of the heart.

A

Vegetative Valvular Endocarditis

87
Q

An idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis of the Beagle breed of dog

is called:

A

Beagle Pain Syndrome

88
Q

Mulberry Heart Disease and Edema Disease

can both cause this type of necrotizing arteritis

A

Fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis

89
Q

Edema disease of pigs presents as focal bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia

and is a disease that causes fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis.

What is the pathogen responsible for causing this disease in weaned piglets?

A

Enterotoxemic E. coli!

90
Q

What type of toxin is responsible for causing endothelial cell injury

in the arterioles of piglets with Edema Disease?

A

Verotoxin

(a bacterial enterotoxin)

91
Q

The medial calcification and hardening of the arteries

due to thickening and loss of elasticity

of the arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

92
Q

_________ is the most important pattern of Arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

93
Q

The presence of fibrofatty plaques in the intima and media of

arteries is known as

A

Atherosclerosis

94
Q

This endocrine condition can cause

Coronary Atherosclerosis

A

HYPOthyroidism

95
Q

A serious condition in which there is a tear in the wall of the major artery carrying blood out of the heart (aorta). As the tear extends along the wall of the aorta, blood can flow in between the layers of the blood vessel wall

A

Dissecting Aneurysm

96
Q

The most common cause of a dissecting aneurysm is

A

physical trauma

97
Q

Aged Mares with low serum copper levels

are at risk of dissecting aneurysm of this artery

during parturition

A

Uterine Artery

98
Q

A dissecting aneurysm of this artery is common in

horses with guttural pouch mycosis

A

Internal Carotid Artery

99
Q

A dissecting aneurysm of this artery is very rare,

but has been seen in racing horses, stallions during breeding,

and in pigs with copper deficiency

A

Aortic rupture

100
Q

An aggregation of platelets and fibrin that form when certain conditions,

described by Virchow’s Triad, exist.

101
Q

What are the 3 conditions described by Virchow’s Triad

that can result in thrombosis?

A
  1. Endothelial Injury
  2. Abnormal Blood Flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
102
Q

What is a “mural” thrombus?

A

A thrombus that is attached

103
Q

If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream,

it is known as

A

an Embolus

104
Q

Pulmonary Thrombosis is seen in

Dogs with severe _______ _______ disease

and in

Horses with _________

A

Seen in Dogs with severe renal glomerular disease

and in

Horses with Strongylosis

105
Q

Explain why a dog with severe renal glomerular disease

is at risk for pulmonary thrombosis

A

Severe renal glomerular disease is a protein-losing nephropathy.

Which results in significant loss of antithrombin III,

the major inhibitor of thrombin, and thus, thrombosis

106
Q

Horses infested with Strongylus vulgaris worms

have a verminous arteritis. The small worms encyst in the mucosa of the

Aorta, Cranial Mesenteric Artery, and the Iliac Artery, causing damage to the

endothelium as well as congestion of those arteries (abnormal blood flow).

According to Virchow’s Triad, what are these horses at risk for?

A

Pulmonary Edema

107
Q

The release of this substance causes fibrinolysis of the thrombus

(the breakdown of the fibrin clot)

A

tPA

(Tissue Plasminogen Activator)

108
Q

Which substance is responsible for blocking the coagulation cascade

and is released alongside tPA to break down the fibrin clot?

A

Thrombomodulin

2015:Pathology II (5 decks)

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