Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 3 physiologic divisions of the respiratory system?
Conducting System
Transitional System
Exchange System
The conducting system of the respiratory system, which consists of
the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi,
are primarily lined by what cells?
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Goblet Cells
The transitional system of the respiratory system,
which only include the bronchioles,
are primarily lined by what cells?
Clara Cells
non-ciliated secretory cells
T/F:
Goblet cells can be found in the conducting and transitional systems
of the the respiratory tract.
FALSE!
Healthy bronchioles, found in the transitional system,
DO NOT have goblet cells (only Clara Cells)
The exchange system of the respiratory system,
which contains the alveolar ducts and alveoli,
are lined by what cells?
Epithelial Pnumonocytes
T/F:
Type 1 Epithelial Pneumonocytes, or Granular Pneumocytes
and Type 2 Epithelial Pneumonocytes, or Membranous Pneumocytes,
are found in the exchange system of the respiratory system
FALSE!!
Type 1 is MEMBRANOUS
and
Type 2 is GRANULAR
__________ arteries conduct deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart
while
__________ arteries carry oxygenated blood
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood
while
Bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood
T/F:
Normal flora can be found throughout the conducting system of the respiratory system, but anything past that is sterile.
FALSE!
Normal flora is only found in the MOST PROXIMAL part of the conducting system
which includes the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, and trachea!
BRONCHI and MUCOSA (both are part of the conducting system)
are STERILE!
Name two species of potentially pathogenic normal flora.
Hint: One is found in cows, and the other is found in dogs.
- Mannheimia haemolytica*
- Bordatella bronchiseptica*
Which species have PIM’s?
Pulmonary Intravascular Macrophages
Cattle
Cats
Horses
Sheep
Pigs
Which factors predispose animals to bacterial colonization
of the lungs?
Viruses
Stress
Dehydration
Pulmonary Edema
Uremia
Ammonia
Immunosuppression/Deficiency
This respiratory condition of horse horses
causes epistaxis due to the presence of a pedunculated
tumor-like lesion in the nasal cavity
Ethmoidal hematoma
This is a condition of the nasal cavity of
calves with IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)
and is characterized by the formation of a
diphtheritic membrane
Fibrinous Rhinitis
This is the nasal bot of sheep
that can rarely abberantly migrate to the brain
Oestrus ovis
Atrophic rhinitis is a multifactorial condition of the nasal cavity
of growing pigs. It is due to the combined infection by what two pathogens?
- Bordatella bronchiseptica*
- Pasteurella multocida Types A & D*
The area most commonly affected in Atrophic Rhinitis in pigs
Ventral Nasal Turbinate
Inclusion Body Rhinitis, a condition in baby pigs ages 3 - 5 weeks old,
is caused by which pathogen?
Porcine Cytomegalovirus (Suid Herpesvirus 2/ SHV-2)
This condition causes conjunctivitis and sneezing in pigs ages 3-5 weeks old,
but causes a fatal systemic infection in younger pigs.
What is the name of the condition and the infectious agent responsible?
Inclusion Body Rhinitis
- Porcine Cytomegalovirus/ Suid Herpesvirus 2*
- SHV-2*
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
is seen in cats of all ages
and manifests as rhinitis with conjunctivitis.
What is the pathogen responsible?
Feline Herpesvirus-1
A cat comes in with mild oculonasal discharge.
Upon inspection of its mouth, you find vesicular lesions on its tongue.
What is this condition called and what is the pathogen responsible?
Vesicular Stomatitis and Glossitis
caused by
Feline calicivirus (FCV)
This aquatic protistan parasite is responsible for causing
granulomatous growths in the nose of dogs.
The granulomatous growths contain mature sporangia filled with endospores.
Rhinosporidium seeberi
This congenital abnormality in the eustachian tube of horses
causes non-painful entrapment of air into the guttural pouch.
Guttural Pouch Tympany
Inflammation of the guttural pouch is known as
Eustachitis
Strangles is a painful condition affecting the guttural pouch of horses
that results in chronic suppurative inflammation.
Clinically, the horse will have
enlarged paratoid and submandibular lymph nodes.
What pathogen causes Strangles?
Streptococcus equi
Streptococcus equi causes a painful condition in horses
called Strangles. If the exudate draining from
the suppurative fistulous tracts is inspissated,
what can form?
CHONDROIDS!
How do you differentiate Guttural Pouch Tympany
and Strangles?
Guttural Pouch Tympany is NOT painful
while Strangles causes pain.
What is the causative agent of Guttural Pouch Mycosis in horses?
Aspergillus spp.
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What is the causative agent of this bleeding?
Aspergillus spp.
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What happened and where is all the blood coming from?
Aspergillus spp. infection caused Guttural Pouch Mycosis.
The fungus damaged the internal carotid artery and caused it to rupture!
You walk into your barn one day to check on your horse Pepper.
You are horrified to see Pepper bleeding from her nose with blood
spattered about her stall like a murder scene. You notice that she
is exhibiting some facial paralysis too.
What’s the deal with the facial paralysis?
The internal carotid artery is involved in many cranial nerves, including facial nerve,
CN7. When the ICA ruptured, it affected CN7 resulting in facial paralysis
Thanks alot ASSpergillus
Nasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
is seen most commonly in which species?
CATS
This is the MOST COMMON malignant oral tumor in dogs.
It can be pigmented or not, and can metastasize, usually to the
lungs, lymph nodes, and bones.
Malignant Melanoma
What are two types of common malignant oral tumors seen in dogs?
Nasal Fibrosarcoma (FSA)
and
Malignant Melanoma
This ovine beta-retrovirus is responsible
for causing carcinoma or adenocarcinoma in
the nasal cavity of sheep
Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus (ENTV)
This respiratory condition of calves is also known as
necrotic laryngitis
Calf Diphtheria
A calf presents with plaques of ulceration covered by
fibronecrotic exudate all over its tongue, cheeks, palate, and pharynx.
What is this condition called and what pathogen is responsible?
Calf Diphthera
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Following viral infection by ___________,
calves are predisposed to Calf Diphtheria, or oral necrobacillosis
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
You here ROARING coming from your barn. You grab the ol’ shotgun
and a brewsky and cautiously head over to kill this sonofabitch bear that
is obviously about to fuck up all of your horses.
Surprisingly, you see that the roaring noise is not coming from a bear, but
from Pepper, your horse.
What’s going on here? No, you’re not that drunk, and no, you’re not hallucinating.
ROARING in horses
is caused by an idiopathic neuropathy of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
which results in atrophy of the left dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
which causes Pepper to sound like a bear.
This pathogen causes ulcerative and necrotizing laryngotracheitis in
adult cows, but can cause a systemic infection in neonatal calves.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)/ Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1)
Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis is better known as
Kennel Cough
What is the major pathogen responsible for Kennel Cough in dogs?
Bordatella bronchiseptica
What are 4 pathogens other that Bordatella bronchiseptica that
can predispose a dog to Kennel Cough (Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis)
- CAV-2 (Canine Adenovirus-2)*
- CPV (Canine Parainfluenza Virus)*
- Canine Distemper Virus*
- Mycoplasma spp.*
“Heaves” is an asthma-like disease in horses and ponies
that presents as nasal flaring with discharge and
mucous accumulation in the lower airway.
What is it also known as?
Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO)
In the fall, you noticed that your horse Pepper was developing some pretty
sweet external abdominal oblique muscles.
“How’d you get abs like that when you can’t even do a sit-up?”, you asked
Pepper quietly (cause you’re a loser, talking to your fucking horse about its abs).
Winter rolls around and you head into the barn and Pepper’s coughing and heaving
and snotting everywhere. What’s going on?
Pepper has RAO (Recurrent Airway Obstruction)
Her muscles got large from her constant expiratory effort
and you didn’t really notice the respiratory signs because the disease
gets worse in the winter
What are the 4 components of the Blood-Air Barrier of the Lungs?
Vascular endothelium
Basement Membrane of Endothelial Cells and Type 1 Pneumocytes
Cytoplasm of Type 1 Pneumocytes
Pulmonary hemorrhage in cattle occurs when
embolisms of exudate from a _______ abscess rupture into the
vena cava causing vena cava thrombosis
Hepatic abscess
Heart Failure Cells are also known as
Siderophores
Which dark brown pigment is found in siderophages, which are macrophages
known as “Heart Failure Cells”?
Hemosiderin!
What stain is used to detect hemosiderin-laden macrophages
aka Siderophages?
Iron (Perl’s) Stain
This dark discoloration of lung tissue is caused by
accumulation of carbon from inhalation of smoke
Pulmonary anthracosis
The incomplete expansion of the lungs or portions of the lungs
is known as
Atelectasis
What are the categories of Congenital/Acquired Atelectasis?
Compressive
Massive
Obstructive
Which of the following is NOT a type of Compressive Atelectasis?
Hydrothorax, Hemothorax, Pneumothorax, or Pleuritis?
Pneumothorax is NOT a type of compressive, space-occupying, atelectasis,
it is categorized as MASSIVE Atelectasis
What would cause a fetus to have a patchy pulmonary Atelectasis?
Aspiration of amniotic fluid and meconium
This is the permanent enlargement of air-spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole
accompanied by the destruction of alveolar walls.
It is a primary disease in humans, but secondary disease in animals.
Pulmonary Emphysema
This condition, that leads to airflow imbalance, where the volume
of air entering the lungs is greater than the volume exiting,
is seen frequently in animals with bronchopneumonia
Pulmonary Emphysema
What are the 6 main patterns of pneumonia?
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
Embolic Pneumonia
Granulomatous Pneumonia
Bacteria can be implicated in causing which 4 patterns of pneumonia?
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Embolic pneumonia
Granulomatous pneumonia
Infection by a viral agent would most likely cause
which pattern of pneumonia?
Interstitial (Diffuse) Pneumonia
IBR causes this type of pneumonia in cattle
Interstitial
Syncytial cells are seen in which two viruses of cattle
that cause interstitial pneumonia?
Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)
Calves with BLAD (Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) are
highly susceptible to this form of pneumonia, caused by many agents,
like respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma spp., and many opportunistic bacterial pathogens.
Bovine Enzootic Pneumonia- Chronic Suppurative Bronchopneumonia
Shipping Fever in cattle, results in __________ bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia, caused by Shipping Fever in cattle,
presents as a marbled appearance of the pulmonary parenchyma due
to coagulation necrosis. What is the pathogen responsible?
Mannheimia haemolytica
Biotype A Serotype 1
This is the most economically important respiratory disease of cattle
in North America, especially feedlot cattle. It presents as exudative
lesions comprised of edema and fibrin, found near the tracheal bifurcation.
Pneumonic Mannheimosis (Shipping Fever)
Results in Fibrinous bronchopneumonia
Which respiratory disease of cattle cannot cause disease alone and must have
stressors to impair defense mechanisms?
Shipping Fever
BHV-1, PI-3, and BRSV
can predispose cattle to this respiratory condition
characterized by “oat-shaped cells” or “swirling macrophages”
Shipping Fever/ Pneumonic Mannheimosis
This pathogen causes suppurative OR fibrinous pneumonia in cattle
and the fibrinous type is almost indistinguishable from Mannheimia haemolytica
Respiratory Histophilosis
Histophilus somni
This is the bacterial agent in cattle that can cause Granulomatous Pneumonia
Mycoplasma bovis
This parasite of cattle can cause
chronic bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia OR granulomatous pneumonia
depending on which stage of its life cycle it is in.
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Dictyocaulus viviparus is a parasite of cattle and deer.
Which species of Dictyocaulus is found in sheep and goats?
Which one is found in horses and donkeys?
- Dictyocaulus filaria*: Sheep/Goats
- Dictyocaulus arnfieldi*: Horses/Donkeys
The larval migration of Dictyocaulus viviparus in cattle
causes this type of pneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia
This type of pneumonia of cattle
is characterized by the presence of
Edema
Interstitial emphysema
Hyaline membranes
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonias of Cattle (AIP)
In AIP of cattle, diffuse alveolar damage along with
Type II Pneumocyte hyperplasia, causes the formation of
________ ________
Hyaline membranes
Describe the pathogenesis of “Fog Fever” a.k.a.
Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
L-tryptophan from lush grass in fog pasture is eaten and metabolized
to 3-methylindole in the rumen. It is absorbed and carried to the lungs
where is is oxidatively metabolized by Clara cells
resulting in a highly pnumotoxic compound
which causes necrosis of Bronchiolar epithelial cells and Type I Pneumocytes
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis, which occurs commonly in adult dairy cows in the
winter, is also known and “Farmer’s Lung” in humans.
Inhalation of fungal spores from moldy hay results in
deposition of Ag-Ab complexes
causing this type of reaction.
Type III Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Reinfection Syndrome is
a Hypersensitivity reaction in cattle
to which two agents?
- Dictyocaulus spp.*
- BRSV*
Milk Allergy Syndrome in cattle occurs when
cows are sensitized to their own casein and lactalbumin
What type of Hypersensitivity is this?
Type I Hypersensitivity
You’re a cow farmer in Russia with a big pasture for the cows to graze on.
This alcoholic moves next door and all he does is drink vodka and make vodka,
the traditional Russian way, out of potatoes. You notice that some of
your cows are getting sick of some respiratory illness.
You check the grounds and realize that fucking Oleg has been throwing his
potato remnants in your pasture, so now you’re gonna have to curbstomp him.
Why are you pissed?
Because your cows have been ingesting Moldy Potatoes
which contain 4-ipomeanol, which is metabolized by oxidases in the lung
by Clara Cells into a potent pneumotoxicant.
Stupid Oleg. This is why fences make good neighbors.
This is a lifelong persistent disease of sheep caused by
an ovine lentivirus that results in Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP).
Sheep have a good appetite but slowly become more and more
emaciated regardless.
Maedi-Visna
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)
The agent that causes lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia in sheep
with Maedi-Visna (OPP) is similar to the agent that causes the same
type of pneumonia in goats.
What is the condition in goats called?
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
Which pathogen causes Septicemia Pasteurellosis
in lambs under 3 months old, resulting in
necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia, and DIC?
Mannheimia haemolytica BIOTYPE A
Which pathogen causes Septicemia Pasteurellosis
in lambs under 5 to 12 months old, resulting in
necrotizing pharyngitis and tonsilitis, septicemia, and DIC?
Bibersteinia trehalosi BIOTYPE T
This nematode parasite causes
Multifocal Subpleural Pneumonitis in small ruminants
but causes Chronic Bronchopneumonia in large ruminants
Muelleris capillaris
“Hair Lungworm”
Verminous bronchitis is caused by
this parasite, known as the “Sheep and Goat Lungworm”
Dictyocaulus filaria
Goddammit. Your horses Pepper has pneumonia.
If you know that it has a viral etiology, and that the pattern is
a transient bronchointerstitial pneumonia,
which agents could be causing it?
- EHV-1, EHV-4*
- Equine Influenza*
- Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)*
- Equine Adenovirus*
This agent is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in foals worldwide.
Infection results in a Chronic Pyogranulomatous Pneumonia
and Pyogranulomatous Enterocolitis/Lymphadenitis.
It’s potentially zoonotic in the fact that it can infect people
with immunosuppression, like AIDS or chemotherapy.
Rhodococcus equi
This yeast-like fungus causes an interstitial pneumonia in
Arabian Foals with SCID
Jack Russel Terriers
Pigs with PRRS or PMWS
It is also one of the most common and often fatal complication in
AIDS patients
Pneumocystis carinii
Which parasite causes verminous or catarrhal bronchitis
in pigs? It’s present in St. Kitts, and the parasites preferentially
migrate to the terminal bronchi of the caudal diaphragmatic lung lobes
Metastrongylus spp.
This virus in pigs is characterized by
late term abortions and still-births in adult pigs
and
interstitial pneumonia in young pigs
Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Pigs with interstitial pneumonia cause by the viral syndrome
PRRS, are prone to secondary infections by
this agent
Pneumocystis carinii
Porcine Circovirus-2 (PCV-2)
causes interstitial pneumonia in piglets
with this syndrome
Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)
Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia is the name of a
highly contagious fungal pneumonia in pigs.
It results in mild to moderate suppurative or catarrhal bronchopneumonia with
BALT hyperplasia
What is the causative agent?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Haemophilus parasuis causes
a fibrinous pneumonia in pigs ages 3 weeks to 4 months.
It can also cause meningoencephalitis and polyathritis.
What is the name of this disease?
GLASSER’S DISEASE!
Porcine Contagious Pleuropneumonia
is a fibrinous bronchopneumonia that is often fatal and
characterized by hemorrhage, thrombosis, and necrosis.
What is the causative agent?
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Kennel Cough and Canine Distemper
are examples of ____________ pneumonias in dogs
infectious
What two agents are responsible for causing non-infectious pneumonia
in dogs?
Uremia
Paraquat Toxicity (herbicide)
Which 4 viruses can cause pneumonia in dogs?
- Canine Distemper*
- CAV-2*
- CHV-1*
- Canine Influenza Virus*
What two mycotic agents can cause Granulomatous Pneumonia
in dogs?
- Blastomyces dermatitidis*
- Histoplasma spp.*
Pneumonia is RARE in which species of animal?
CATS
What parasite is known as the “cat lungworm”?
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Snuffles is a common disease in domestic rabbits that causes
fibrinosuppurative pleuropneumonia
as well as repro tract and ear infections. What is the causative agent?
Pasteurella multocida
Emus are stupid. I mean look at them. They’re big, ugly birds, with tiny little
brains and all they do is FLAP FLAP FLAP
their fuckin’ wings all day and GO NOWHERE
because they can’t use them to fly….what the fuck kind of bird….ugh anyway…
They can get this granulomatous pneumonia called Mycotic Air Sacculitis.
What’s it caused by?
Aspergillus spp.
T/F:
Primary pulmonary tumors are RARE in animals, but common in humans
TRUE
The most common type of primary pulmonary neoplasm
Carcinomas
This type of primary pulmonary neoplasm is found in
mature sheep worldwide, except for NZ and AUS,
and is caused by a transmissible reovirus!
Ovine Pulmonary Carcinoma (Pulmonary Adenomatosis)
Chronic Liver Disease can result in this pleural cavity condition
Hydrothorax
Pasteurella multocida can result in this pleural cavity condition
Pyothorax
If a dog has a ruptured aortic aneurysm, what type of pleural cavity condition
should you expect to see?
Hemothorax
This agent causes chronic pleuritis with “sulfur granules” in cats
Nocardia asteroides
In humans, mesothelioma is caused by the inhalation of asbestos.
In this species of animal, mesothelioma can be congenital!
CATTLE!
