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SEM IV - Rad Pathology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

0
Q

Kidney functions

A

Removes metabolic waste from blood (filters blood)
Maintains fluid/water levels
Regulates acid-base and electrolyte balance
Secretes substances that effect blood pressure

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1
Q

The urinary system includes

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One urinary bladder
One urethra

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2
Q

The kidneys produce

A

1-2 liters of urine each day

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3
Q

The left kidney is

A

Longer, narrower, and located higher than the right kidney due to the size of the liver causing displacement

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4
Q

The kidneys will drop about 2” when moving

A

From supine to the upright position

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5
Q

The average adult kidney is

A

4.5” long
2.5” wide
A little over 1” thick

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6
Q

Finestrations

A

Lintel holes

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7
Q

Glomerular filtration - blood flow through the kidneys

A

Renal artery ¥
Affarent arterioles ¥
Glomeruli ¥
Efferent arterioles

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8
Q

The glomeruli, glomerular capsule, and the convuluted tubules are located in the

A

Cortex of the kidney

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9
Q

The three steps in the formation of urine

A

Glomerular filtration of water, sugar, wastes, and salts
Tubular reabsorption of water, sugar, and some salts
Tubular secretion of acids, potassium, and drugs

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10
Q

The urinary system includes

A 
Calyces
 -minor
 -major
Renal pelvis
Ureter
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11
Q

Calyces are

A

Cup shaped recesses that receive urine from the collecting ducts

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12
Q

The smaller portions of the calyces are called

A

Minor calyces

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13
Q

Minor calyces unite to form a

A

Major calyx

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14
Q

The major calyces unite to form the

A

Renal pelvis

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15
Q

The renal pelvis exits the kidneys

A

And transitions into the ureter

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16
Q

The kidney contains

A 
Cortex
Medulla
Collecting system
Vasculature
Renal capsule
Hilum
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17
Q

Medulla

A

Collecting tubules for urine

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18
Q

Collecting system

A

Calyces and renal pelvis

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19
Q

Vasculature

A

Renal artery, renal vein

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20
Q

Renal capsule

A

Sac surrounding the kidneys

  • fibrous capsule
  • gerota’s capsule
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21
Q

The urinary system contains

A

2 ureters
Bladder
Ureteral valves
Urethra

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22
Q

Ureters enter the bladder along

A

The posterior wall

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23
Q

Ureteral valves

A

Allow one way flow of urine

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24
Q

The female urethane is about 1.5” long and the males is about 7-8” long leading to

A

Increased UTI risk in females than males

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25
Q

The urinary bladder serves as a

A

Reservoir which holds about 500cc of urine

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26
Q

The numerous mucosal folds located within the urinary bladder are called

A

Rugae - used for bladder expansion

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27
Q

Trigone

A

Area of bladder formed by three openings:
2 ureters
1 urethra

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28
Q

Congenital

A

Born with

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29
Q

80% of kidney stones are

A

Radiopaque due to calcium content, they can be really small just 1-2mm but VERY painful

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30
Q

Urinary tract obstruction

A

Results in anatomic and functional changes
Adults: calculi, tumors, strictures, enlarged prostate
Children: congenital malformations

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31
Q

Hydronophrosis

A

Back up of fluid in the urinary system

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32
Q

Mass defects, stones, and a dilated urinary system are proximal to the blockage on xray

A

.

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33
Q

Simple cysts

A

Common unifocal masses either fluid filled or benign

34
Q

Polycystic

A

Inherited disorder
Multiple lobar cysts
Kidney enlargement
Renal impairment

35
Q

Hypernephroma

A

Renal cancel most common in people 40+, originates in epithelium of renal cortex, bulging, enlargement or obstruction on xray

36
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is commonly known as a

A

“Smokers cancer” due to the carcinogens in the blood being filtered through the kidneys and into the urine

37
Q

Carcinoma of the bladder

A

Originates in bladder epithelium, commonly located in the trig one area, and is more common in men than women

38
Q

Polypoid defects are projections into or out from the bladder wall on xray due to

A

Carcinoma of the bladder

39
Q

Gerota’s fascia

A

Layer of connective tissue encapsulating the kidneys and the supra renal glands

40
Q

Detrusor muscles

A

Urinary bladder muscles that surround the bladder whose function is to contract and squeeze

41
Q

Micturition

A

Urination, the act of passing urine

42
Q

Nephrolith

A

Kidney stone

43
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

The process of forming a kidney stone; a stone in the kidney

44
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney

45
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

Carry blood toward the glomerulus

46
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

Carry blood away from the glomerulus

47
Q

Glomerulus

A

Cluster of capillaries contained within the capsule of a nephron which serves as a blood filter membrane within the kidney

48
Q

Bowmans capsule/glomerular capsule

A

Cup like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron that performs the first step in the filtration of blood from urine

49
Q

Loop of henle

A

Portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal to distal convoluted tubule whose function is to create a concentration gradient in h medulla of the kidney

50
Q

Renal cortex

A

The outermost portion of the kidney where the nephrons are located

51
Q

Hilum

A

Area where vessels enter and leave

52
Q

Calyx/calyces

A

Cup shaped recesses that receive urine from the collecting ducts; both minor and major

53
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Large funnel shaped area at the center of a kidney where urine flows

54
Q

Ureter

A

(2) very narrow tubes which conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder

55
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

56
Q

Retrograde

A

Backward movement/flow

57
Q

Antegrade

A

Forward movement/flow

58
Q

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

Xray exam of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters used to evaluate injury, infection, blood in urine, stones, tumors, etc

59
Q

Unilateral renal agenesis

A

Single kidney, a failure of embryonic development

60
Q

Supernumerary kidney

A

Congenital presence of a third kidney which usually possesses a complete renal pelvis, ureter, and blood supply

61
Q

Hypoplastic kidney

A

Congenital small, underdeveloped kidney; usually normal functioning

62
Q

Ectopic kidney

A

Abnormally positioned kidneys which may be found in a variety of locations such as the pelvis or intrathoracic region

63
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Most common type of fusion anomaly where the lower poles of the kidneys are connected by an isthmus, the anterior position of ureteral versus the medial

64
Q

Duplication of kidney

A

Duplex kidney can be seen as a bifid renal pelvis that joins into a common ureter, can be a completely duplicated renal pelvis and ureter

65
Q

Ureterocele

A

Prolapse of the distal ureter into the bladder; the “cobra head” appearance on xray

66
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammatory process involving the glomeruli, increased permeability resulting in “leakage” of blood cells and protein.

67
Q

Glomerulonephritis appearance on xray

A

Reduced parenchymel tissue and increased kidney size

68
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria appearing on xray as a “calyceal” clubbing

69
Q

Papillary necrosis

A

Destructive process involving medullary papillae and renal pyramids which can result in obstructions

70
Q

Papillary necrosis appearance on xray

A

Tea cup appearance

71
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, deceased size and irregular bladder wall on xray, more common in women than men

72
Q

Percunaneous nephrostomy

A

IR procedure in which a puncture is made into the renal pelvis to drain urine and to remove kidney stones

73
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Procedure using shock waves to break up stones in the kidney, bladder and ureter

74
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Back up flow in the urinary system

75
Q

Renal calculus

A

Kidney stone, most commonly radiopaque due to calcium

76
Q

Staghorn calculus

A

Large kidney stone that grows and completely fills the renal pelvis, commonly appearing gestationally

77
Q

Poly cystic kidney

A

Inherited disorder with multiple lobar cysts, kidney enlargement, and renal impairment

78
Q

Hypernephroma

A

Renal cancer most common in people 40+, aka smokers cancer due to the carcinogens in the blood being filtered through the kidneys and into urine

79
Q

Nephroblastoma

A

Most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy or childhood; a highly malignant tumor large in size displayed as downward and lateral displacement on xray

80
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

81
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive or abnormally large production or passage of urine

82
Q

Oliguria

A

Reduced urine volume or low production of urine

SEM IV - Rad Pathology (6 decks)

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