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SEM IV - Rad Pathology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

digestion

A

the breakdown from complex to simple; from mouthful to molecule via mechanical and chemical actions

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2
Q

absorption

A

the uptake of nutrients into the body which must be broken down to the level of molecules to be absorbed

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3
Q

polyp

A

abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane on the inside of the colon, may be cancerous

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4
Q

haustra

A

small pouches caused by sacculation which give the colon its segmented appearance

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5
Q

taeniae coli

A

3 separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscular waves if contraction by which the alimentary canal moves its contents toward the rectum

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7
Q

diverticulosis (tics)

A

pouches on the wall of the colon which may never be discovered unless inflamed

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8
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of pouches on the wall of the colon

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9
Q

lacteals

A

numerous small intestinal lymph carrying vessels that convey chyle from the intestine to lymphatic circulation and thereby to the thoracic duct

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10
Q

fat soluble nutrients

A

nutrients that reside in the bodys fatty tissue and liver and used by the body as needed

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11
Q

water soluble nutrients

A

nutrients that dissolve in water, not generally stored in the body

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12
Q

functions of saliva

A

enzymes that begin carbohydrate digestion
forms bolus,
lubricates passageway to ease passage of bolus
maintain alkaline pH in the mouth

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13
Q

functions of pharynx

A

passageway for air/food (naso - air only; oro & laryngo - air and food

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14
Q

functions of esophagus

A

parastaltic action which carries bolus from laryngopharynx to stomach

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15
Q

functions of stomach

A

storage of food; chemical and mechanical digestion

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16
Q

chemical digestion

A

secretions of acids/enzymes

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17
Q

mechanical digestion

A

churning/peristalsis

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18
Q

functions of small intestine

A

digestion - from bolus to molecules (enzymes)

absorption - nutrients

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19
Q

functions of large intestine

A

absorption of water and elimination of waste product

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20
Q

functions of gall bladder

A

storage of bile, concentration of bile, evacuate of bile as needed during digestion

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21
Q

functions of bile

A

elimination of waste pigment bilirubin

emulsifier

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22
Q

functions of pancreas

A

exocrine - through a duct - digestive enzymes and alkaline fluids
endocrine - direct in blood - insulin and glucagon

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23
Q

portal circulatory system

A

circulation of blood through larger vessels from the capillaries of one organ to those of another; from gastrointestinal tract and spleen through the portal vein to the liver

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24
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between and organ, vessekm or intestine and another structure; usually caused by surgery but also from infection/inflammation

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25
Q

GERD esophagitis and appearance

A

failure of cardiac sphincter, reflux of stomach contents (& acids) into the esophagus

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26
Q

GERD appearance

A

streaked appearance

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27
Q

Infectious esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophagus due to infection (candida - fungal; herpes - viral)

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28
Q

infectious esophagitis appearance

A

cobblestone like appearance

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29
Q

zenkers diverticula

A

out pouching of the esophageal wall, in particular the pharynx and upper esophagus

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30
Q

traction diverticula

A

out pouching of the esophageal wall, in particular all mucosal layers

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31
Q

esophageal varices

A

dilated veins of the distal esophagus most commonly a result of portal hypertension

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32
Q

appearance of esophageal varices

A

rosary bead appearance

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33
Q

hiatal hernia

A

herniation of a portion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus and into the thoracic cavity

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34
Q

hiatal hernia appearance

A

schatzkis ring

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35
Q

achalasia

A

uncoordinated peristalsis due to neurologic failure. functional obstruction of the distal esophagus due to unrelaxed sphincter

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36
Q

achalasia appearance

A

bird beak appearance

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37
Q

mallory-weiss syndrome

A

perforation of the esophagus caused by forceful vomitting often seen in patients with bulimia. A tear in the mucous layer at the junction of the esophagus and stomach

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38
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

inflammatory process of the stomach and duodenum often caused by a bacterial infection (h pylori)

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39
Q

PUD appearance

A

duodenal/gastric craters and/or radiating folds

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40
Q

helicobacter pylori (h pylori)

A

bacteria that causes infection in the stomach with symptoms of bloating, belching, naseau, vommitting, abdominal pain and fatigue

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41
Q

crohns disease/regional enteritis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of idiopathic origin with granulomatous lesions which may lead to obstructions, most commonly seen in the ileum

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42
Q

appearance of crohns disease/regional enteritis

A

irregular thickening/distortion of bowel mucosa

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43
Q

small bowel obstruction (SBO)

A

obstruction of small bowel caused by post operative adhesions, hernias, luminal occlusions, inflammation

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44
Q

SBO appearance

A

distended bowel loops with gas and air, best seen upright or decub.

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45
Q

adynamic ileus

A

disorder involving intestinal motor activity where flui/gas do not progress normally; often seen post operative

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46
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of the bowel into itself (proximal into distal) resulting in obstruction; more common in children than adults

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47
Q

appearance of intussusception

A

coiled spring on X-ray or concentric circle on CT

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48
Q

volvulus

A

distended cecum or rectum

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49
Q

appearance of volvulus

A

bird beak appearance

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50
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the colon appearing in young adults idiopathically

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51
Q

appearance of ulcerative colitis

A

loss of austral markings in the descending colon and sigmoid

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52
Q

colon cancer

A

polypoid and annular lesions in the colon

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53
Q

appearance of colon cancer

A

applecore appearance

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54
Q

hirschsprungs disease

A

lack/loss of nerves to distal colon, loss of muscle tone, dilated distal colon, congenital, infants

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55
Q

hirschsprungs disease appearance

A

in infants a collapsed colon and dilated distal colon

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56
Q

toxic megacolon

A

lack/loss of nerves to distal colon, loss of muscle tone, can vein children and adults, often resulting in toxicity

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57
Q

appearance of toxic megacolon

A

tubular appearance of the colon

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58
Q

fistula

A

abnormal connection between and organ, vessekm or intestine and another structure; usually caused by surgery but also from infection/inflammation

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59
Q

congenital tracheoesophageal fistula

A

incomplete separation of the esophagus and trachea during fetal development

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60
Q

acquired tracheoesophageal fistula

A

due to malignancy of the mediastinum, trauma, or infection

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61
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease; inflammation of the esophagus

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62
Q

barretts esophagitis

A

the normal esophageal lining is destroyed

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63
Q

cancer of the esophagus

A

more common in men than women; strong correlation to smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

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64
Q

esophageal diverticula

A

out pouching of the esophageal wall

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65
Q

epiphrenic esophageal diverticula

A

occurs in the distal esophagus characterized with uncoordinated peristalsis and sphincter action

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66
Q

hiatal hernia is most commonly characterized by

A

schatzkis ring

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67
Q

schatzkis ring

A

cardiac sphincter is seen above the diaphragm

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68
Q

perforation of the esophagus can be a complication of or caused by

A

esophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, neoplasm, external trauma, foreign body, instrumentation, forceful vommitting

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69
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach which can be caused by irritation (alcohol, corrosive agents), infection and can be characterized by thickened mucosa and rugea

70
Q

cancer of the stomach usually has a poor prognosis

A

sue to pain usually occurring late in the disease process with a 10% survival rate

71
Q

cancer of the stomach is demonstrated radiographically by

A

mass, stricture, thickened mucosa

72
Q

appendicitis develops when

A

the neck of the appendix becomes blocked, material trapped becomes infected, infection causes distention, best seen on CT; NOT BARIUM ENEMA!

73
Q

diverticulosis/diverticulitis

A

outpouchings of the bowel wall, rare in persons under age 30, common in persons over age 60, most commonly seen in the sigmoid

74
Q

crohns colitis

A

identical to crowns of the small bowel, best seen on an air contrast barium enema as tiny isolated , discrete erosions of the mucosa

75
Q

cancer of the colon

A

more common in men than women with peak incidence of 50-70 y/o; seen as polypoid lesions/”apple core”

76
Q

volvulus of the colon

A

the twisting of the bowel upon itself which may lead to obstruction most commonly seen in cecum/sigmoid

77
Q

cathartic colon

A

loss of motility in colon due to overuse of laxatives, muscles of colon “quit”, seen radiographically as a loss of austral folds

78
Q

metabolism

A

the conversion of nutrients into fuel

79
Q

the alimentary canal aka

A

digestive trac, a musculomembranous tube that extends continuously from the mouth to anus (approx. 30 ft)

80
Q

walls of the digestive tract

A

mucosa/mucous membrane
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

81
Q

lumen

A

inner/hollow space of the digestive tract

82
Q

mucosa/mucous membrane

A

innermost layer of the digestive tract containing the epithelial layer; barrier between body and gi tract

83
Q

epithelial layer

A

semi permeable membrane

84
Q

submucosa

A

second layer of the digestive tract just below the mucosa containing glands, blood vessels, nerve and lymph

85
Q

muscularis

A

muscular layer of the digestive tract containing two layers of muscles running circular and longitudinal whose function is peristalsis

86
Q

serosa

A

the outermost layer of the digestive tract that is anchored to the abdominal wall by mesentery

87
Q

the accessory organs incluse

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

88
Q

function of salivary glands

A

produce saliva

89
Q

function of the pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes and alkaline solution

90
Q

function of the liver

A

produces bile

91
Q

function of the gall bladder

A

stores, concentrates, expels bile, responds to cholecystokinin

92
Q

function of the mouth

A

chewing, beginning of digestion

93
Q

function of the pharynx

A

pass bolus

94
Q

function of the esophagus

A

pass bolus

95
Q

function of the stomach

A

digestion

96
Q

function of the small intestine

A

digestion and absorption

97
Q

function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and the formation and elimination of stool

98
Q

mastication

A

the act of hewing

99
Q

buccal

A

referring to the mouth

100
Q

bolus

A

ball of chewed food matter

101
Q

deglutition

A

the act of swallowing

102
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

103
Q

parotid glands

A

largest most superior located by mandibular ramus containing stetsons/parotid; empties along cheek

104
Q

submandibular glands

A

located inside the mandibular angle containing whartons; empties onto floor - frenulum

105
Q

sublingual glands

A

located under the tongue containing rivinus, many small ducts along floor of mouth

106
Q

stomach

A

expandable muscular sac between esophagi and small intestine whose function is physical and chemical action of digestion

107
Q

stomach is divided ito 4 parts

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

108
Q

cardia

A

portion of stomach immediately surrounding the esophageal opening

109
Q

fundus

A

superior portion on the stomach, dome shaped upper the diaphragm

110
Q

body

A

middle, main portion of the stomach between the fundus and pylorus

111
Q

pylorus

A

distal portion of the stomach which narrows into pyloric antrum

112
Q

lesser curvature

A

the right border of the stomach with a concave curve

113
Q

greater curvature

A

the left border of the stomach, 4-5x longer than the lesser; convex curvature

114
Q

gastric ruggae

A

thick inner mucosal lining of the body of the stomach with numerous folds whose mechanical actions bless and churns chyme

115
Q

openings between the esophagus and stomach

A

esophagogatric junction
gastro-esophageal junction
cardiac orifice
cardiac valve or sphincter (1 way)

116
Q

openings between the stomach and small intestine

A

pyloric orifice

pyloric valve/sphincter (1 way)

117
Q

the small intestine

A

extends from pyloric sphincter of stomach to the opening of the large intestine called the ileocecal valve

118
Q

the small intestine is divided into three distinct portions

A

duodenum (proximal)
jéjunum (middle)
ileum (distal)

119
Q

the inner mucosa layer of the small intestine contains a series of finger like projections called

A

villi

120
Q

villi are

A

membranes that allow nutrients to be absorbed and have even smaller projections called microvilli

121
Q

duodenum

A

c-shaped, 8-10” long, widest/shortest portion of the small bowel, first portion called duodenal bulb; biliary system enters small intestine in bulb

122
Q

the romance of the abdomen

A

head of pancreas adjacent to the c-loop of the duodenum

123
Q

jejunum

A

second largest portion of the small bowel, has a coiled spring and feathery appearance when filled with barium

124
Q

ileum

A

longest and most distal portion of small bowel but smallest in diameter, terminates at ileocecal valve

125
Q

large intestine

A

approx 5-6’ begining at junction of small intestine and ending at anus.

126
Q

main function of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and elimination of waste product

127
Q

large intestine includes

A 
ileocecal valve
cecum
vermiform appendix
ascending colon
right colic (hepatic) flexure
transverse colon
left colic (splenic) flexure
descending colon
sigmoid portion
rectum
anal canal
128
Q

ileocecal valve

A

opening between small and large intestine

129
Q

cecum

A

pouch like portion below the junction of the ileum and colon

130
Q

vermiform appendix

A

narrow worm like tube attached to the posteromedial side of the cecum

131
Q

ascending colon

A

passes superior from the junction of the colon

132
Q

right colic (hepatic) flexure

A

sharp angle at ascending and transverse

133
Q

transverse colon

A

has greatest amount of potential movement

134
Q

left colic (splenic) flexure

A

sharp angle at junction of transverse/descending

135
Q

descending colon

A

passes inferiorly

136
Q

sigmoid portion

A

forms s shaped loop and ends at rectum at level of third sacral segment

137
Q

rectum

A

extends from sigmoid to anal canal

138
Q

anal canal

A

terminated at the anus

139
Q

haustra

A

series of pouches along the large intestine

140
Q

taeniae coli

A

muscular bands that form the pouches known as haustra

141
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic, muscular waves of contraction by which the alimentary canal moves its contents toward the rectum

142
Q

chole

A

bile

143
Q

cysto

A

sac/bladder

144
Q

cholani

A

bile ducts

145
Q

cholecyst

A

gallbladder

146
Q

choledoch

A

common bile duct

147
Q

cholecystogram

A

radiographic exam of gallbladder

148
Q

cholangiogram

A

radiographic exam of biliary ducts

149
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of gallstones

150
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

151
Q

t-tube cholangiogram

A

radiographic exam of biliary ducts via a surgically placed removable tubing

152
Q

liver

A

largest gland in bodying RUQ, produces bile

153
Q

the liver produces

A

bile

154
Q

peritoneum

A

double walled serous membrane that lines the abdimino-pelvic cavity with three portions - parietal, visceral, and peritoneal

155
Q

the lining of the abdominal wall is

A

perietal peritoneum

156
Q

the lining of the intestines

A

visceral peritoneum

157
Q

the spaces between layers

A

peritoneal cavity

158
Q

folds of the peritoneum surround and support the abdominal organs with

A

omentum

mesentery

159
Q

omentum contains

A

greater and lesser - peritoneal folds fat like aprons that insulate

160
Q

greater omentum

A

greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

161
Q

lesser omentum

A

lesser curvature of the stomach to the duodenum

162
Q

mesentery

A

peritoneal folds connect bowel loops together and to abdominal wall

163
Q

blood vessels, nerve and lymph are used

A

for portal circulation from intestines to liver - mesenteric vein

164
Q

bile is produced by the

A

LIVER - not the gallbladder

165
Q

blood is conveyed to the liver through the

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

166
Q

the two main hepatic ducts join to form the

A

common hepatic ducts

167
Q

the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join together to form

A

the common bile duct

168
Q

the common bile duct and the and the pancreatic duct join together and enter into a chamber called the

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla aka the ampula of vater

169
Q

the hepatopancreatic ampula opens into the descending portion of the duodenum and is controlled by a circular muscle called the

A

sphincter of oddi

170
Q

the distal end of the common bile duct is controlled by the

A

choledochal sphincter as it enters the duodenum

SEM IV - Rad Pathology (6 decks)

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