Respiratory System Flashcards
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration - exchange between air in lungs and blood
Respiration
Exchange of gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between an organism and its environment
Cellular respiration
Internal respiration - use of oxygen by cells for metabolism
Upper respiratory tract consists of ?
Nose, pharynx, and larynx
The lower respiratory tract consists of ?
Trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
The nose consists of
Nares, turbinate bones, and nasal cavity
Nares
Openings for air flow
Turbinate bones are covered in
Mucous membranes
The right and left side of the nasal cavity are divided by
A septum
Nasal septum consists of what bones?
Vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
The floor of the nasal cavity divides
The nasal and oral cavities
Soft palate
Attached soft tissue structures (uvula)
The function of turbinate bones/nasal conchae
Mix, moisten, warm, filter
The three sets of nasal conchae include
Superior, middle, and inferior
The Paranasal sinuses contain
Four pairs of sinuses close to the nose which drain into the nasal cavity
The function of Paranasal sinuses include
To provide mucous for respiratory tract, lighten the skull, resonate sound
The different Paranasal sinuses include
Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid
The pharynx is divided into three portions which are
Naso, Oro, and Laryngo
The pharynx aka
Throat which allows passage of food and air, and contains the tonsils
Eustachian tubes
Equalize air pressure between the middle ear and pharynx
Tonsils
Three pair within the throat, masses of lymphatic tissue (pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual)
Pharyngeal tonsils aka
Adenoids
The larynx aka
The voice box which is composed of cartilage and contains the vocal cords
The true vocal cords
Vibrate with the passage of air
The glottis is the space between
The true vocal cords
The false vocal cords
Vestibular folds
The trachea
Aka the windpipe, 4-5” in length which bifurcates at the carina
15-20 C-ring cartilage hold the
Trachea open and allows for esophagus/bolus
The bronchial tree consists of
Primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, and terminal bronchi
Primary bronchi aka
Main stem
Secondary bronchi aka
Lobar bronchi
Tertiary bronchi aka
Segmental bronchi
The alveolus contains
Terminal air sac, epithelial tissue, millions of alveoli surrounded by capillaries
The terminal air sac resembles
A bunch of grapes
Epithelial tissue in the alveolus is
Single cell thick, 1 micron (1/100th of an inch)
Gas exchange occurs at
The alveoli
Respiration occurs at the alveoli through the process of
Diffusion
Diffusion is a passive process so…
No energy is spent by the cells
Diffusion is
The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to a lower area
Red blood cells can carry
Gasses, both oxygen and carbon dioxide
The normal life span of a red blood cell is
120 days
Hemoglobin
Hemo - iron
Globin - pigment
“Iron pigment”
The lungs
The organs of respiration containing the apex, base, hilum, costophrenic angle, and mediastinum
The right lung has ? lobes
3 - superior, middle, and inferior
The left lung has ? lobes
2 - superior and inferior
The fissures of the lungs separate the
Lobes of the lungs
The lobes of the lungs further divide into
Segments
The right lung contains ? segments
10
The left lung contains ? segments
9
Pleura
Serous membranes lining the lungs (visceral), and interior chest wall (parietal)
Serous fluid functions
Lubrication, and surface tension (adhesive property of liquids)
Muscles for breathing
Diaphragm, intercostal, abdominal
With an inspiration
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracts/flatten (chest volume increases)
Increased chest volume means
Lower intra-thorax pressure (outside air rushes in to equalize pressure)
With expiration
The diaphragm relaxes and domes, the intercostal muscles relax (chest volume decreases)
Decreased chest volume means
Higher intra-thorax pressure (air in lungs rushes out to equalize pressure)
The medulla oblangata and pons control
Involuntary respiration
The cerebral cortex controls
Voluntary respiration
Eupnea
Normal respiratory rate
Dyspnea
Labored or difficult breathing
Apnea
Cessation of breathing, even temporarily as in sleep apnea
Respiratory pathway
Nares > nasal cavity (nasal conchae) > pharynx (naso, oro, lyrango) > larynx > trachea (carina) > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchi > alveoli > GAS EXCHANGE!
The right lung is about 1” shorter than the left because
Due to the large space occupied by the liver
The right lung is broader than the left because
Due to the large space occupied by the heart
Each lung has
A rounded apex that reaches above the clavicles and a broad base that rests upon the diaphragm
The lateral margins of the lung base are called the
Costophrenic angles
The lungs are composed of a light spongy elastic tissue called the
Parenchyma
