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Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Name the organs involved in the urinary system:

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system? (4)

A

1- Clears the blood of metabolic waste products

2- Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance

3- Produces renal erythropoietic factor and rennin

4- Hydroxylates Vit D to an active form (calcitriol) that is involved in Ca++ balance

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3
Q

Is the kidney intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What is the hilus of the kidney?

A

Concave medial border through which the ureter, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels pass

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5
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Large cavity surrounded by kidney parenchyma

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6
Q

What does the renal sinus contain?

A

Renal pelvis, loose CT, adipose tissue, blood vessels, verves

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7
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Expansion of the upper end of the ureter that subdivides into major and minor calyces

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8
Q

What are the inward extensions of the renal cortex?

A

Renal columns of Bertin

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9
Q

What composes the renal medulla?

A

Renal pyramids, medullary rays, renal tubule

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10
Q

What projects into minor calyces?

A

Apices of pyramids (renal papillae)

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11
Q

What is the tips of each renal papillae perforated by?

A

Openings of collecting ducts (area cribosa)

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12
Q

What constitutes a renal lobe?

A

Each renal pyramid together with its surrounding cortical tissue

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13
Q

How many lobes does each human kidney have?

A

Varies….6-18 depending on the person

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14
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

Medullary tissue that projects up into the cortex consisting of collecting tubules and their accompanying proximal and distal tubules

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15
Q

What makes a renal lobule?

Note (not the same thing as a renal lobe)

A

A medullary ray and its surrounding cortical tissues

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16
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

approximately 2 million

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17
Q

What part of the nephron is concerned with formation of urine?

A

Bowmans capsule to distal tubule

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18
Q

What part of the nephron is concerned with concentration of urinary solutes?

A

the collecting system

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19
Q

What composes the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Podocytes

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20
Q

What is the parietal layer of bowmans capsule made of?

A

Simple sqaumous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the urinary space?

A

the space that exists between the visceral and parietal layers of bowman’s capsule. It recieves glomerular filtrate

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22
Q

What is the glomerular filtration barrier?

A

Composed of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of the endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes.

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23
Q

What is the vascular pole?

A

Where afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves

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24
Q

What is the urinary pole?

A

Where the proximal tubule begins

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25
Q

What composes a renal corpuscle?

A

Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

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26
Q

Describe the proximal tubule?

A

Consists of a convoluted and a straight postion. It begins at the urinary pole

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27
Q

What type of epithelium lines the proximal tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with a conspicuous brush border. There is eosiophilic cytoplasm in the cells.

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28
Q

Why are the cell boundaries between the epitheliam cells of the proximal tubule?

A

Because there are extensive lateral extensions between cells

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29
Q

What is in the lumen of proximal tubules?

A

Fine precipitated material

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30
Q

What does the loop of Henle composed of?

A

The descending straight portion of the proximal tubule, the thin segment, and the ascending straight portion of the distal tubule

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31
Q

Where in the kidney is are the loops of henle mostly located?

A

In the medulla

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32
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the loop of Henle?

A

Descending straight portion has simple cuboidal epithelium with a brush border

The thin segment has simple squamous epithelium.

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33
Q

What does the distal tubule consist of?

A

An ascending straight portion (part of the loop of henle) portion adjacent to renal corpuscle, and a convoluted part

34
Q

Where is the distal tubule mainly located within the kidney?

A

Cortex

35
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in the distal tubue?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium that lacks a brush borer.

Cells have apical nuclei.

Cells are smaller than the cells of the proximal tubule.

36
Q

Are the boundaries of the cells lining the distal tubules distinct? Is there precipitation in the lumen?

A

Nope

37
Q

Where are the collecting tubules and ducts found within the kidney?

A

Tubules: cortex

Ducts: medulla

38
Q

Describe the epithelium of the collecting system?

A

Epithelium increases in height from cuboidal in tubules to columnar in ducts.

Cells have clear, pales staining nuclei and intercellular boundaries are clearly visible

39
Q

What do the largest ducts (papillary ducts) communicate with?

A

The minor calyx at the area cribrosa

40
Q

How are types of nephrons classified?

A

Classified according to the position of their renal corpuscles in the cortex.

The classifications are superficial, juxtamedullary and intermediate

41
Q

Describe superficial nephrons?

A

Have short loops of Henle that extend a short distance into the medulla

42
Q

Desribe juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Have long loops of Henle that penetrate deep intothe medulla.

These ones are most important in the production of hypertonic urine.

43
Q

Describe intermediate (midcortical) nephrons?

A

They have intermediate characteristics

44
Q

What is responsible for the production of renin?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

45
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?

A

Where the distal tubule returns to its renal corpuscle of origin

46
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?

A

1- Macula densa

2- Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

3- Extraglomerular mesangial (lacis) cells

47
Q

Where are macula densa cells located? What do they sense?

A

Located in wall of distal tubule.

They sense changes in NaCl concentration i the distal tubule (so a high NaCl concentration inhibits renin secretion and vice versa)

48
Q

Describe JG cells?

A

Modifid smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of afferent arteriole. These are the cells that make renin.

49
Q

Where are extraglomerular mesangial cells located? What is their function?

A

Located in the angle between afferent and efferent arterioes.

They help to integrate the system

50
Q

What is the function of the renin- angiotensin system?

A

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure

51
Q

When do JG cells make renin?

A

When blood pressure falls

52
Q

Explain the activation taking place during the renin- angiotensin system?

A

Renin converts angiotensinogen (from liver)to angiotensin I

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in the capillary endothelial cells of the lungs

53
Q

What does angiotensin II stimulate?

A

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

54
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone on the kidney?

A

Stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb sodium and water

55
Q

Aside from the renin- angiotensin system, what is the function of renin?

A

Has localized effect on afferent arterioles (provides for single nephron GFR control)

56
Q

Describe the arteriolar path of blood flow:

A 
Renal artery
Interlobular arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular arteries
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arterioles
Vasa recta or peritubular capillary network
57
Q

Describe the venous drainage of kidneys?

A 
Stellate veins
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobular veins
Renal Vein
58
Q

What are the divisions of the renal artery?

A

Anterior and posterior divisions

59
Q

Where do interlobular arteries form arcuate arteries?

A

At the corticomedullary junction

60
Q

Which type of arteries run parallel to kidney surface?

A

Arcuate arteries

61
Q

What arteries run radially through cortex?

A

Interlobular arteries

62
Q

What two arterial structures do efferent arterioles give rise to ?

A

Peritubular capillary network (which nourishes proximal and distal tubules) from superficial nephrons

Vasa recta from juxtamedullary nephrons

63
Q

What is the major function of erythropoietin? What stimulates synthesis?

A

To promote erythrocyte formation in bone marrow by stimulating proliferation, differentiation, and survival of precursor cells.

Hypoxia stimulates synthesis

64
Q

What are some causes of hypoxia that stimulate erythropoitin synthesis?

A 
Hemorrhage
Destruction of RBCs
Compromise of Pulmonary Function
CHF
High altitude
65
Q

Which cells make erythropoitin?

A

Produced by endothelial cells lining the peritubular capillary plexus

66
Q

What are the clinical utilizations of erythropoitin?

A

Anti-anemia drugs:

  1. anemia of chronic disease
  2. post-op anemia
  3. cancer patients receiving chemo

Additional:

  1. Neuroprotection
  2. CVD treatment
  3. induction of bone remodeling by activtating osteoclasts
67
Q

What are the downsides of erythropoitin therapy?

A

Erythrocytosis and promotion of tumor growth

68
Q

Which cilia are defective in PCKD?

A

Non-motile (primary)

69
Q

What composes the extrarenal collecting system?

A

Major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

70
Q

Desribe the mucosa of the exrarenal collecting syste,?

A

Transitional epithelium.

Thickness increases from calyces to bladder.

Plasma membrane can stretch out (ATP is the trigger for stretching)

71
Q

Describe the superficial cells of the mucosa?

A

Large and rounded (umbrella cells)

72
Q

Where do 90% of bladder tumors originate?

A

The epithelium

73
Q

Describe the musclaris of the extrarenal collecting system?

A

Layers of smooth muscle. Thickest in the bladder.

74
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A fibromuscular tube through which urine passes from the urinary bladder to the exterior

75
Q

What are the three sections of the male urethra?

A

1- Prostatic urethra (from neck of bladder through prostate)

2- Membranous urethra (from lower lobe of prostate to bulb of the corpus spongiosum of penis)

3- Penile urethra (passes through corpus spongiosum of the penis)

76
Q

Epithelium of prostatic urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium

77
Q

What type of epithelium lines the membranous urethra?

A

Varies…from transitional to pseudostratified columnar epithelium

78
Q

What type of epithelium lines the penile urethra?

A

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium

79
Q

What are the mucus secreting glands that empty into the male urethra? Where are they most abundent?

A

Glands of Littre

Most abundent in the penile urethra

80
Q

What type of epithelium lines the female urethra?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (some psuedostrateified)

Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy (4 decks)

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