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Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy > Female Reproductive I (The Ovaries) > Flashcards

Female Reproductive I (The Ovaries) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hilus of the ovary?

A

A conduit on the anterior surface of the ovary for blood vessels and nerves that supply the ovary

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2
Q

What are the four histological layers of the ovaries?

A

1- Germinal epithelium
2- Tunica albuginea
3- Cortex
4- Medulla

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3
Q

What is the epithelium of the germinal epithelium?

A

simple, cuboidal epitheliuum

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4
Q

What is the germinal epithelium continuous with/

A

The mesothelium that lines the mesovarium, broad ligament, and peritoneal cavity

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5
Q

Describe the tunica albuginea?

A

dense, irrecular connective tissue

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6
Q

What cell type is found in the tunica albuginea?

A

Fibroblasts

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7
Q

What makes up the cortex of the ovaries?

A

Follicles and Stroma

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8
Q

What are the cortical follicles made of?

A

Oocytes and follicular epithelium

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9
Q

What is the stroma of the follicles made of?

A

Highly cellular connective tissue with some smooth muscle

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10
Q

Describe the composition of the medulla of the ovaries?

A

Loose connective tissue and it contains blood vessels and nerves

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11
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovarian follicles?

A

1- House germ cells (oocytes)

2- Produce estrogen

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12
Q

What defines the outer boundary of the ovarian follicle?

A

basement membrane of the follicular epithelium

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13
Q

Describe the blood supply of ovarian follicles?

A

They are avascular…the oocyte depends on follicular cells for delivery of nutrients and removal of metabolic wastes

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14
Q

Which layer of the ovary has tremendous regenerative properties?

A

germinal epithelium

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15
Q

When do oocytes form?

A

During female development

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16
Q

What do primordial germ cells differentiate into?

A

oogonia

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17
Q

What phase are oogonia arrested in before puberty/ menstruation? What are they called when they undergo this change?

A

Prophasse of the first meiotic division…they are now Primary Oocytes

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18
Q

What cell type surrounds each primary oocyte? What do the cells reorganize into?

A

Stomal cells surround the primary oocyte and they reorganize into a follicular epithelium

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19
Q

True or False: Oogonia persist in the adult human ovary.

A

True….this is a recent discovery. This might allow for artificial stimulation of new follicle formation as part of future therapies for infertility related to low follicle populations

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20
Q

Describe the morphology of primary oocytes?

A

Very large, spherical cells with euchromatic nuclei

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21
Q

What is the epithelium of primordial follicle? What does this suggest?

A

Simple, squamous follicular epithelium. Suggests low metabolic activity.

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22
Q

What is the most numerous follicles in fertile ovaries?

A

Primordial follicle

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23
Q

Where in the cortex are primordial follicles more densely packed?

A

In the outer cortex

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24
Q

Does the apical or basal surface of the follicular cell face the oocyte?

A

Apical

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25
Q

How would you identify a primordial follicle on a glass slide?

A

Primary oocyte + simple, squamous follicular epithelium

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26
Q

What are the five stages of follicular growth?

A 
1- Primordial follicle
2- Unilaminar primary follicle
3- Multilaminar primary follicle
4- Secondary/ antral follicle
5- Mature/ graafian follicle
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27
Q

What is the stimulus for follicular growth?

A

FSH activates a small fraction of primordial follicles

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28
Q

What enzyme does FSH promote follucular cells to produce? What is the function of the enzyme?

A

Aromatase….converts androstenedione into estrogen

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29
Q

True or False: The vast majority of primordial follicles become active during follicular growth.

A

False…the vast majority remain dormant

30
Q

What is the epithelium of unilaminar primary follicles? What does this indicate?

A

Simple, cuboidal epithelium. This shows increased metabolic activity.

31
Q

What changes are seen to the primary oocyte in a unilaminar primary follicle? The follicular cells?

A

Oocyte: Nucleus expands and organelles proliferate

Follicular cells: cell proliferation and epithelial change

32
Q

How would you identify a unilaminar primary follicle on a glass slide?

A

Primary oocyte + simple, cuboidal follicular epithelium

33
Q

What do the follicular cells of multilaminar primary follicles produce?

A

Estrogen

34
Q

What is the epithelium of the multilaminar primary follicle? What is the epithelium now called?

A

Stratified, cuboidal….it is now called granulosa/ granulosa cells

35
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Thick, eosinophilic layer of glycoproteins that is secreted by the primary oocyte

36
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A

Promotes sperm association and activation much later, during fertilization

37
Q

What do the granulosa cells/ follicular cells have that penetrate the zona pellucida to contact oocyte microvilli?

A

Filopodia

38
Q

What is the function of the gap junction between granulosa cells and the oocyte?

A

To facilitate in transport and signaling across the granulsa and zona pellicida

39
Q

How would you identify a multilaminar primary follicle on a glass slide?

A

Primary oocyte + stratified, cuboidal epithelium

40
Q

What is indicative of a secondary (antral) follicle?

A

1- Follicular liquid
2- Antrum
3- Cumulus oophorous
4- Corona Radiata

41
Q

What is folicular epithelium secreted by?

A

Granulosa cells

42
Q

What is follicular liquid?

A

A liquid rich in hyaluronic acid, steroid binding proteins and other substances

43
Q

What is the antrum?

A

A large, fluid filled space formed by follicular liquid accumulation

44
Q

What is the cumulus oophorous?

A

Mound of granulosa cells that protrudes into the antrum. It works to surround and anchor the oocyte into the follicle wall.

45
Q

How do you identify a seconday (antral) follicle on a glass slide?

A

Primary oocyte + stratified, cuboidal epithelium + one or more fluid filled spaces

46
Q

When a follicle is becoming a mature (graafian) follicle, what size is the follicle and how does it get this big?

A

about 2 cm…beause follicular liquid accumulates

47
Q

What follicle stage is stigma present in…and what is it?

A

It is present in graafian follicle stage and it is a bulge on the ovary surface caused by the mature follicle

48
Q

How do you identify a mature/ graafian follicle on a glass side?

A

Secondary follicle that pushes the ovary surface outward

49
Q

What happens to the stroma during follicular growth?

A

The stromal cells differentiate to form a sheath called the thecal folliculo

50
Q

What are the function of the 2 layers of the theca folliculi?

A

Theca externa: Supportive outer layer of smooth muscle, fibroblasts and collagen

Theca interna: highly vascular inner layer with steroid hormone producing cells

51
Q

How doe the steroid hormone producing cells of the theca appear?

A

Pale and eosinophilic with foamy looking sytoplasm and large euchromatic nuclei

52
Q

What is atresia?

A

Programmed cell death of ovarian follicles

53
Q

When does atresia occur?

A

It can occur at any point during folliclar development

54
Q

Which trype of atretic follicles vasnish quickly? Which display dying granulosa cells with pyknotic nuclei?

A

Small disapear quickly

Large display dying granulosa cells with pyknotic nuclei

55
Q

What is the corpus fibrosum? How does it form?

A

A TRANSIENT collagenous scar that the large atretic follicles form when they collapse and their basement memrane thickens

56
Q

What is the name for what theca interna cells that retains their hormone producing character after follicle atresia form?

A

interstital glands

57
Q

Describe the histology of interstitial glands?

A

Groups of hormone producing cells in the cortex (pale, eosinophilic with foamy cytoplasm and euchromatic nuclei)

58
Q

When are interstitial glands present with the greatest frequency?

A

During early puberty

59
Q

What stimulates ovulation?

A

LH…by triggering changes that weaken the follicle wall and increase follicular liquid production

60
Q

What happens in the HOURS prior to ovulation? What is produced?

A

The primary oocyte completes asymmetric FIRST meiotic division. A polar body results

61
Q

What is happens IMMEDIATELY prior to ovulation? What results?

A

2nd meitotic division begins but it is arrested in metaphase. A secondary oocyte results.

62
Q

When will a secondary oocyte complete its second meiotic division?

A

With fertilization (and a second polar body is formed)

63
Q

If a secondary oocyte is not fertilized, how soon before it degrades?

A

24 hours

64
Q

Why does the corpus luteum develop?

A

It arises from the ruptured follicle after ovulation because the walls of the ruptured follicle collapses into folds

65
Q

What is the role of LH in the formation of the corpus luteum?

A

LH converts the granulosa cells and theca interna cells into luteinized cells which undergo hypertrophy and the collapsed follicle wall thickens

66
Q

What are lipochrome pigments?

A

They accumulate in luteinized granulosa cells that give the corpus luteum its yellow color

67
Q

Describe what luteinized granulosa cells look like?

A

Large,pale, eosinophilic cells with foamy appearing cytoplasm and large euchromatic nuclei

68
Q

Describe what luteinized thecal cells look like?

A

smaller and darker than luteinized granulosa cells

69
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

70
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum in the absence of pregnancy?

A

It undergoes a form of apoptosis called luteolysis and the corpus ablicans forms.

71
Q

What is the corpus ablicans made of? How does it appear on a glass slide?

A

Dense collagen fibers (it is a connective tissue scar)

Appears as a very dark, large, acellula, eosinophilic area

Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy (4 decks)

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