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Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy > male repro > Flashcards

male repro Flashcards

1
Q

what is an important role of the scrotum?

A

maintain the testes at 2 degrees C below body temp

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2
Q

at how many weeks gestation do the testes descend into scrotum?

A

at 26 gestation

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3
Q

the tunica vaginalis is an extension of_____?

A

the abdominal peritoneum

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4
Q

what structure carries blood away from each testes?

A

the pampiniform venous plexus

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5
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the tunica vaginalis?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

what does the visceral layer of the tunic vaginalis adhere to?

A

the tunica albuginea on anterolateral surface of the testes

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7
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

thick capsule of dense irregular connective tissue

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8
Q

what is the mediastinum testis?

A

thickening of the tunica albuginea on the posterior surface

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9
Q

what does the mediastinum testis divide the testis into?

A

250 lobules

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10
Q

what are the two major components of the testicular lobules?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules per lobule

loose connective tissue stroma

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11
Q

where are spermatozoa produced?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

what are the tubuli recti (straight tubules)?

A

short tubules within the mediastinum that connect the seminiferous tubules with rete testis

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13
Q

what are the rete testis?

A

anastomotic network of channels in the mediastinum

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14
Q

what are the ductuli efferentes?

A

10-20 ducts that connect rete testis to epididymis

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15
Q

what type of epithelium is in the seminiferous tubules?

A

complex stratified germinal epithelium

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16
Q

what 2 things are found in the tunica propria?

A

fibroblasts & myoid cells

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17
Q

what is the function of the myoid cells?

A

have contractile properties that help move spermatozoa & testicular fluid through seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

what are the two cell types in the seminiferous epithelium?

A

spermatogenic cells- germ cells

sertoli cells-supporting cells

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19
Q

define spermatogenesis

A

formation of haploid spermatozoa (spermatozoids or sperm) from the undifferentiated diploid germ cell

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20
Q

when do spermatogonia begin dividing by mitosis?

A

at puberty

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21
Q

what are type A spermatogonia?

A

cells that can continue dividing as stem cells

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22
Q

what are type B spermatogonia?

A

progenitor cells that differentiate into primary spermatocytes

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23
Q

histologically, how do the spermatogonia appear?

A

as round cells sitting on basal lamina

heterochromatic (dark) nuclei

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24
Q

what phase are most primary spermatocytes observed in histological sections?

A

in the prophase phase bc it takes 22 days

25
Q

histologically, how do the primary spermatocytes appear?

A

largest germ cells, large nuclei containing thick strands of condensed chromatin

26
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

final step of spermatogenesis converting the spermatids into spermatozoa
involves NO cell division

27
Q

histologically, how do the spermatids appear?

A

small cells that are numerous near the lumen of seminiferous tubule

28
Q

what is the function of the acrosomal cap?

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes that dissociate cells o the corona radiata and digest the zona pellucid of the oocyte

29
Q

halfway through spermiogenesis, describe the orientation changes of the spermatid?

A

spermatid reorients itself so its head points towards basal lamina and developing flagellum extends to the lumen

30
Q

what is the main component of the midpiece of the spermatozoa?

A

mitochondria that wraps around the flagellar axoneme

31
Q

histologically, how do the sertoli cells appear?

A

tall columnar non replicating epithelial cells
adhere to basal lamina and can extend to lumen of tubule
** prominent nucleolus

32
Q

list 4 functions of the sertoli cells?

A
  1. support/protect/nutrition
  2. phagocytosis
  3. secretion
  4. blood-testis barrier
33
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

untreated men are sterile

34
Q

what two cell types are in the tubuli recti?

A

sertoli cells and simple cuboidal cells

35
Q

what type of epithelium does the rete testis have?

A

simple epithelium that is squamous to low columnar

36
Q

what type of epithelium lines the ductus epididymis?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

37
Q

what cell types make up the epithelium of the ductus epidymis?

A

basal cells

principal cells

38
Q

compare the smooth muscle in the head/body vs the tail of the epididymis

A

head/body has a very thin smooth muscle layer

tail has 3 layers of thick smooth msucle layers

39
Q

what are the functions of the ductus epididymis?

A
  1. maturation of the sperm
  2. reabsorption of remaining testicular fluid
  3. phagocytosis
  4. expulsion of sperm during ejaculation
40
Q

what part of the epididymis houses the reservoir of mature sperm?

A

the tail

41
Q

what two things happen to the sperm in the ductus epididymis in its maturation

A
  1. acquire motility

2. acquire ability to fertilize an oocyte via addition of: decapacitation factor

42
Q

the distal end of the ductus deferens (vas deferenes) enlarges to form what?

A

the ampulla

43
Q

what type of epithelium surrounds the ductus deferens?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

44
Q

what two structures join to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

45
Q

describe the secretion of the seminal vesicles

A

pale yellow viscous alkaline substance rich in fructose

contributes 70% of the volume of the ejaculate

46
Q

why isn’t the prostate considered a single gland?

A

because it is a composed of a structure of tubuloalveolar glands

47
Q

what are the 3 zones of the prostate gland?

A

transition zone
central zone
peripheral zone

48
Q

what zone of the prostate is the site for BPH?

A

the transition zone

49
Q

what zone of the prostate is the origin of most prostate cancers?

A

the peripheral zone

50
Q

what type of epithelium surrounds the glands of the prostate gland?

A

pseudostratified epithelium

51
Q

what 3 cell types are found in the epithelium of the prostate gland?

A

basal cells
columnar secretory cells
neuroendocrine cells

52
Q

what are prostatic conceretions?

A

calcified prostatic secretions forming concentric condensations that are frequently observed in lumen of glands
these increase in number with age

53
Q

describe the secretion of the prostate

A

thin milky acidic fluid produced by columnar epithelial cells
rich in citric acid and acid phosphatase

54
Q

what is the serine protease found in prostate secretions?

A

prostate specific antigen (PSA)

55
Q

describe the secretion of the bulbourethral glands (Cowper Glands)

A

clear alkaline mucus like substance

discharged first during ejaculation to lubricate & neutralize penile uretha

56
Q

what are the glands of littre (periurethral glands)?

A

very small glands located along the length of the penile urethra
secrete mucous like fluid for lubrication

57
Q

how many ml is the average ejaculate?

A

3 mL (range 2-6 mL)

58
Q

what percent of the ejaculate is from the accessory glands?

A

95%

59
Q

what glands secrete their secretions first into the urethra?

A

bulbourethral glands and glands of littre release a very small amount of mucus like fluid for lubrication

Unit 7: Microscopic Anatomy (4 decks)

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